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USEFUL  REFERENCE.  SERIES  No.  2.     SECOND  EDITION 


The  Practical  Use 

of 
Books  and  Libraries 


The 

Practical  Use 

of 

Books  and  Libraries 

An  Elementary  Manual 


By 
Gilbert  O.   Ward 

Technical  Librarian 

formerly 

Supervisor  of  High  School  Branches 
Cleveland  Public  Library 

^  7376 


SECOND  EDITION 
REVISED  AND  ENLARGED 


Boston,  Mass. 

The  Boston  Book  Company 
1914 


Copyright,    1911,    1914,   by 
The  Boston  Book   Company 


The  Riverdale  Press.  Brookline,  Boston,  Mass. 


Co 


Preface 

The  object  of  this  Manual  is  two-fold  —  first,  to 
provide  very  elementary  instruction  for  young  persons, 
such  as  high  school  students  and  library  apprentices, 
who  do  not  know  how  to  use  books  and  libraries,  and 
second,  to  serve  as  an  outline  for  teachers  or  librarians 
who  have  to  give  such  instruction.  It  is  not  to  inform 
the  trained  student  or  librarian.  For  these  reasons,  the 
selections  from  the  indexes,  the  examples  of  catalogue 
cards,  the  various  lists,  etc.,  are  chosen  not  as  models, 
but  as  typical  illustrations.  For  the  sake  of  clearness 
and  compactness,  I  have  purposely  left  out  details  and 
exceptions  whenever  it  seemed  that  their  absence  would 
not  be  practically  misleading. 

The  order  of  study  and  method  of  instruction  recom- 
mended for  high  school  classes  is  given  in  the  Teaching 
Outline  which  accompanies  the  Manual. 

I  owe  thanks  to  numerous  teachers  and  librarians  for 
criticism  of  the  Manual  in  manuscript,  and  to  Messrs. 
The  Century  Company,  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Company, 
and  G.  &  C.  Merriam  Company,  for  permission  to  repro- 
duce selections  from  their  respective  dictionaries.  As  to 
sources,  I  have  made  particular  use  of  Dana's  Bookbind- 
ing for  Libraries,  and  Kroeger's  Guide  to  the  Study  and 
Use  of  Reference  Books. 


Preface  to  Second  Edition 

In  this  edition,  the  chapter  on  Reference  Books  and 
that  on  Magazines  have  been  revised  to  bring  their  con- 
tents down  to  date,  and  the  former  has  been  considerably 
enlarged;  explanatory  lists  of  common  abbreviations 
relating  to  books  or  found  in  library  catalogues  have  been 
added  and  many  minor  changes  made. 

June,  1914. 


Contents 

Chapter  Page 

Preface iii 

Preface  to  Second  Edition iv 

I.  The  Structure  and  Care  of  a  Book     ...  1 

II.  The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book 4 

III.  The  Card  Catalogue 17 

IV.  The  Numbering  and  Arranging  of  Books  in 

Public  Libraries 30 

V.  Reference  Books 34 

VI.  Magazines 60 

VII.  The  Use  of  the  Library  in  Debating   ...  71 

VIII.  Buying  Books 81 

Appendix:     Specimen    Extracts    from    the 

Dictionaries 87 

Index  99 


Chapter  I 


The  Structune  and  Care  of  a  Book 

2737^ 
1.    The  structure  of  a  book.  —  If  we  look  through 

a  new  book  carefully  to  see  how  it  is  put  together,  we 
discover  that  it  is  made  up  of  a  number  of  sections,  and 
that  each  section  in  turn  is  made  up  of  several  pages. 
At  the  middle  of  each  section  in  the  fold  between  the  two 
pages  we  find  several  long  stitches. 

In  the  process  of  binding,  these  sections  are  sewed  to- 
gether usually  by  machine,  each  section  being  caught  by 
the  thread  to  its  neighbor.  A  piece  of  thin  cloth  is  glued 
or  pasted  over  the  back  to  reinforce  the  sewing,  and  is 
allowed  to  overhang  a  little  on  each  side.  Over  the  cloth 
is  pasted  a  strip  of  paper,  which,  with  the  cloth  and  the 
glue,  helps  to  keep  the  book  together  and  in  shape.  The 
book  is  then  inserted  in  its  cover  which  has  been  sepa- 
rately prepared,  and  is  pasted  to  the  cover  by  the  over- 
hanging edge  of  cloth.  In  a  finished  book  the  cloth  can 
be  seen  showing  through  the  paper  which  is  pasted  on 
the  inside  of  the  cover.  After  a  little  use  the  strip  of 
cloth  gets  weak,  and  often  breaks  or  pulls  away  from  the 
cover  or  from  the  back,  or  from  both.  A  book  with  its 
covers  attached  in  this  way  is  said  to  be  "cased"  (not 
"bound"),  and  the  covering  is  called  a  "casing." 

Sometimes,  especially  in  the  case  of  expensive  books, 
the  sewing  is  done  by  hand.  In  this  case,  the  sections 
are  sewed  to  a  set  of  two  or  more  cords  or  tapes  running 
crosswise  of  the  back  of  the  book.  The  points  at  which 


2  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

the  stitches  at  the  middle  of  each  section  enter  the  paper 
show  the  position  of  the  cords ;  and  in  an  old  book,  where 
two  sections  have  worked  apart,  the  cords  can  be  seen. 
The  book  is  fastened  to  its  cover  by  having  the  cords 
laced  into  or  pasted  to  the  lids.  A  book  which  is  thus 
treated  is  said  to  be  "bound."  Bound  books  are 
stronger  than  cased  books.1 

The  make-up  of  a  book  has  been  explained  in  this  brief 
and  incomplete  way  so  as  to  make  clearer  the  reasons  for 
some  of  the  rules  for  taking  care  of  books,  which  follow. 

2.  Opening  a  new  book.  —  If  a  new  book  will  not 
stay  open,  do  not  force  it.     Forcing  a  book  is  likely  to 
"break  its  back,"  that  is,  to  crack  the  coating  of  glue, 
cloth  and  paper  which  is  keeping  the  book  in  shape,  and 
make  a  permanent  hinge  at  that  place.    This  is  bad, 
because  the   stitching  at  the  place  where  the    glue  is 
broken  is  always  thereafter  overworked,  as  the  book  will 
always  open  at  that  spot  first.     It  is  especially  bad  for  a 
book  which  is  sewed  without  cords. 

To  open  a  stiff,  new  book,  hold  it  with  the  back  down 
on  a  table,  letting  the  lids  lie  open  so  that  they  also 
touch  the  table.  Open  the  leaves  a  short  distance  from 
the  front  and  then  an  equal  distance  from  the  end,  gently 
pressing  them  down ;  open  a  few  more  leaves  at  the  front 
and  again  at  the  end,  and  so  on  until  you  reach  the 
middle  of  the  book.  Do  this  to  ease  the  book,  a  couple 
of  times  if  necessary. 

3.  The  care  of  books.  —  Books  should  be  handled 
gently.     It  strains  the  binding  of  a  book  to  throw  it  or 
let  it  fall,  lay  it  face  down,  strap  it  tightly,  pick  it  up  by 

lThe  processes  described  apply  to  the  original  binding  of  a  book.  The 
rebinding  of  public  library  books  often  differs  in  important  respects 
from  the  original  process. 


The  Structure  and  Care  of  a  Book  3 

one  lid,  lean  on  it  when  it  is  open  or  use  it  as  a  portfolio 
to  carry  notes  in.  For  a  book-mark,  use  a  slip  of  paper. 
Do  not  use  a  match,  a  lead  pencil  or  a  handkerchief. 

Do  not  lay  a  book  in  a  hot  place,  as  on  a  radiator  or 
near  a  stove.  Heat  dries  and  makes  the  glue  more  likely 
to  crack,  and  warps  the  covers.  It  also  causes  leather 
bindings  to  rot  and  paper  to  become  brittle. 

Keep  a  book  dry.  Do  not  handle  it  with  moist  hands 
nor  leave  it  in  a  damp  place. 

Keep  it  clean.  Handle  it  with  clean  hands  only. 
Never  mark  a  borrowed  book  with  pencil  or  pen  nor 
make  notes  in  it. 

Handle  the  leaves  at  their  outer  edges  only,  to  avoid 
tears.  Do  not  crack  the  paper  by  folding  the  leaves  or 
turning  the  corners  down. 

If  a  book  borrowed  from  the  public  library  gets  dam- 
aged, do  not  try  to  mend  it.  Amateur  mending  is  likely 
to  make  the  trouble  worse;  for  to  mend  a  book  properly 
usually  requires  some  experience  and  skill,  and  sometimes 
the  services  of  a  professional  bookbinder.  Call  the 
attention  of  the  *  librarian  to  any  damage  when  you  take 
the  book  back,  and  let  the  library  take  care  of  it. 

Always  remember  that  the  person  who  comes  after 
you  enjoys  using  a  clean,  fresh  copy  as  much  as  you  do. 
Moreover,  library  books  are  city  property,  and  it  is  the 
duty  of  a  citizen  to  protect  them. 


Chapter  II 
The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book 

4.  The  printed  parts  of  a  book.  —  The  principal 
parts  of  an  ordinary  book  in  the  order  in  which  they 
come  are  as  follows:  (1)  title-page,  (2)  copyright  date, 
(3)  preface,  (4)  table  of  contents,  (5)  list  of  illustrations, 
maps,  etc.,  (6)  the  .body  of  the  book,  including  foot- 
notes, (7)  appendix,  (8)  index.1     Any  one  or  all  of  these 
excepting  (1)  and  (6)  may  be  wanting  in  a  given  book; 
for  instance,  novels  have  neither  (7)  nor  (8). 

5.  The  pages  preceding  the  body  or  text  of  a  book 
are  customarily  numbered  with  Roman  numerals  (i,  ii, 
iii,  iv,  etc.),  but  beginning  with  the  first  page  of  the  text, 
the  pages  are  numbered  with  Arabic  numerals  (1,  2,  3, 
etc.). 

6.  The  title-page.  —  The  title-page  generally  con- 
tains (1)  the   title,  (2)  the  author's  name,  (3)  the  edi- 
tion, (4)  the  place  of  publication,   (5)  the  publisher's 
name,  (6)  the  date  of  publication. 

7.  The  TITLE  of  a  book  usually  gives  a  hint  of  the 
book's  contents;    for  instance,   Myths  of  Greece  and 
Rome,  by  Guerber,  contains  stories  and  characters  from 
classical  mythology. 

1  Other  parts  often  met  with  at  the  beginning  of  a  book,  are:  Half 
title  (preceding  the  title-page),  publisher's  announcement,  frontispiece, 
dedication,  sketch  of  the  author  and  introduction.  At  the  end  of  a 
book  are  sometimes  found  a  "bibliography"  or  list  of  works  written  by 
the  author,  or  of  authorities  consulted  by  him;  "glossary"  or  explanatory 
list  of  unusual  words;  and  notes. 


The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book  5 

8.  The  NAME  OF  THE  AUTHOR  sometimes  indicates 
the  value  or  importance  of  a  book  especially  if  the  author 
is  an  authority  on  his  subject,  as  for  instance  Professor 
A.  B.  Hart  is  in  American  history.     It  is  often  followed 
by  the  abbreviations  of  learned  societies  to  which  the 
author  belongs,  and  by  the  titles  of  other  books  which 
he  has    written.     Such    information  helps  in  deciding 
whether  a  writer  is  an  authority  on  his  subject. 

9.  "REVISED    EDITION,"     "ENLARGED    EDITION," 
"SECOND  EDITION" 'or  some  similar  phrase  on  the  title- 
page  usually  means  that  a  book    has    been   corrected, 
rewritten  or  otherwise  changed. 

10.  The  PLACE  OF  PUBLICATION  tells  whether  a  book 
is  published  in  the  United  States  or  abroad,  and  thus 
often  betrays  the  nationality  of  the  author.     This  infor- 
mation becomes  important  when  the  nationality  of  the 
author  might  affect  the  value  of  the  contents  of  the  book; 
for  instance,  an  English  book  on  locomotives  is  likely 
to  be  of  little  use  to  an  American,  because  English  loco- 
motives differ  from  American.     It  should  be  noted  that 
many  English  books  are  imported  and  sold  over  the 
names  of  American  publishers. 

11.  The  NAME  OF  THE  PUBLISHER  often  tells  whether 
or  not  the  text  of  a  book  is  likely  to  be  correct.      The 
name  of  a  responsible  publisher  generally  means  that  a 
book  is  as  the  author  wrote  it,  and  is  free  from  printer's 
errors  and  from  unwarranted  omissions  and  changes. 
For  instance,  the  name  of  a  good  publisher  on  the  title 
page  of  Treasure  Island  usually  means  that  pains  have 
been  taken  to  make  the  text  as  Stevenson  wrote  it.     A 
list  of   the  names  of  some   leading   publishers   and  a 

1  "Second  edition"  is  not  to  be  confused  with  "Second  impression," 
or  "Second  thousand."  "Impressions"  and  "thousands"  are  not  usually 
revised. 


6  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

discussion  of  the  use  of  the  publisher's  name  in  buying 
books  are  given  in  Chapter  VIII. 

12.  The  DATE  on  the  title  page  tells  when  that  copy 
of  the  book  was  printed. 

13.  Copyright  date.  —  Copyright  is  the  exclusive 
right  secured  by  law  to  an  author  or  an  artist  to  publish 
and  dispose  of  a  work  for  a  limited  time.     In  the  United 
States  under  the  law  of  March  4,  1909,  copyright  is 
obtained  by  depositing  with  the  Library  of    Congress 
two  copies  of  the  best  edition  of  a  work,  with  an  appli- 
cation for  registration  and  a  fee  of  one  dollar.     The 
term  of  copyright  is  for  twenty-eight  years,  with  the 
right  of  renewal  under  certain  conditions  for  twenty- 
eight  years  longer.     The  date  of  the  copyright  is  usually 
printed  on  the  back  of  the  title  page,  and  is  followed 
by  the  name  of  the  owner  of  the  copyright.1     This  is 
important  when  the  passage  of  time  would  affect  the 
value  of  a  book's  contents;  for  instance,  a  book  on  wire- 
less telegraphy  copyrighted  in   1906  and  not  revised, 
would  not  give  the  latest  developments  of  the  subject, 
no  matter  what  the  date  on  the  title  page  might  be. 

When  a  book  is  revised,  it  usually  is  re-copyrighted; 
for  instance,  Myer's  Mediaeval  and  Modern  History, 
published  originally  in  1885,  was  revised  and  re-copy- 
righted in  1905. 

14.  Preface.  —  The  preface  usually  gives  the  author's 
reasons  for  writing,  indicates  the  scope  of  the  book  and 
the  class  of  readers  for  whom  the  book  is  intended,  etc. 

15.  Table  of  contents.  —  The  table  of  contents  is 
a  list  of  the  titles  of  the  chapters  in  the  order  in  which 
they  come,  with  the  numbers  of  the  pages  on  which 

1  When  an  English  book  is  imported  and  sold  over  the  name  of  an 
American  publisher,  it  usually  contains  no  copyright  notice. 


The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book  7 

the  chapters  begin.  These  titles  are  usually  short,  but 
sometimes  are  very  full  outlines.  The  table  of  con- 
tents is  useful  as  a  summary  from  which  an  idea  of  a 
book  can  be  gained  without  having  to  read  the  book 
through. 

16.  List  of  illustrations.  —  Lists  of  illustrations, 
maps,  etc.,  are  usually  arranged  in  the  order  in  which 
the  pictures  occur.     They  give  an  idea  of  the  extent  to 
which  a  book  is  illustrated. 

17.  The  body  of  the  book.  —  The  main  part  of  a 
book  is  called  the  body  or  text  of  the  book,  and  is  divided 
into  chapters  as  indicated  by  the  table  of  contents.     It 
is  distinct  from  the  title-page,  preface,  etc. 

Side  remarks  which  would  interrupt  the  thought  if 
printed  with  the  text,  are  put  at  the  foot  of  the  page  as 
notes.  Such  notes  are  known  as  "footnotes,"  and  may 
be  the  names  of  authorities  for  statements  made  on  the 
page  above,  references  to  other  books  or  to  other  pages 
in  the  same  book,  quotations,  editor's  comments,  etc. 
Attention  is  called  to  footnotes  by  conventional  signs 
such  as  the  asterisk  (*),  dagger  (f),  etc.,  or  superior  let- 
ters (a,  b)  or  figures  (J,  2).  For  examples,  see  the  foot- 
notes in  this  Manual. 

18.  Appendix.  —  Appendixes  contain  notes  too  long 
for  footnotes,  tables  of  figures,  or  other  matter  for  which 
there  is  no  convenient  place  in  the  body  of  the  book; 
for  instance,  the  appendix  to  this  Manual. 

19.  Index.  —  The  index  is  an  alphabetical  list  of  all 
the  things  described,  explained,  or  alluded  to  in  a  book, 
with  the  numbers  of  the  pages  on  which  they  are  men- 
tioned.    It  includes  names  of  persons,  places,  subjects, 
events  and  cross  references.1     It  is  the  key  to  the  book, 

1  For  explanation  of  cross  references,  see  Sections  24  and  25. 


8  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

and  should  always  be  used  first  in  looking  up  a  single 
point  or  fact. 

It  is  entirely  different  from  the  table  of  contents.  It 
is  placed  at  the  back  of  the  book,  whereas  the  table  of 
contents  is  usually  put  in  front.  It  is  arranged  alpha- 
betically, whereas  the  table  of  contents  follows  the  order 
in  which  the  subjects  are  taken  up  in  the  book.  It  is 
detailed ;  the  table  of  contents  is  general. 

Extract  from  the  index  to  Channing's  Student's  His- 
tory of  the  United  States:  — 

Merrimac  (Virginia),  506. 

Mexican  War,  421-423. 

Miles,  General,  566. 

Missouri,  in  Civil  War,  486,  487;  abolition  of  slavery  in,  516. 

Missouri  Compromise,  360-363,  400. 

Monitor  and  Merrimac,  506,  507. 

Monmouth,  battle  of,  192,  193. 

Extract  from  the  index  to  Fiske's  War  of  Independence, 
showing  use  of  dash  between  numbers  of  important 
pages  :- 

Concord,  85,  86. 

Congress,  Continental,  79,  84,  87-90,  100-103,  106,  115-117. 
161,  162,  183,  184,  191. 

Extract  from  the  index  to  Matthews'  Introduction 
to  American  Literature,  showing  use  of  heavy  type  to 
indicate  important  pages :  — 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  17,  95,  109,  124,  148,  155,  156,  168. 

170-183,  202,  206,  208,  211,  218,  223,  224,  229,  230. 
"Home  Ballads,"  147. 

Sometimes  a  book  will  have  more  than  one  index; 
for  instance,  Guerber's  Myths  of  Greece  and  Rome  has 
besides  its  regular  index  an  index  to  the  poetical  quota- 
tions occurring  in  it. 


The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book  9 

A  book  of  poems  usually  has  an  index  of  first  lines. 
Extract  from  the  index  of  first  lines  in  Holmes's  Poetical 
Works :  — 

Hang  out  our  banners  on  the  stately  tower!  277. 

Has  there  any  old  fellow  got  mixed  with  the  boys?  213. 

Have  I  deserved  your  kindness?     Nay,  my  friends,  395. 

Have  you  heard  of  the  wonderful  one-hoss  shay,  172. 

A  collection  of  poems  by  different  authors,  such  as  the 
Golden  Treasury,  will  also  often  have  an  index  of  poets. 

20.  Rules  for  using  the  index  of  a  book.  —  To 
use  an  index,  look  for  the  name  of  what  is  wanted  in  its 
alphabetical  place  as  in  a  dictionary  or  in  a  telephone 
directory.     When  there  are  references  to  a  number  of 
different  pages  for  a  single  subject,  read  carefully  any 
descriptive  notes  to  make  sure  of  getting  the  right  one. 
If  there  are  no  notes,  but  simply  a  list  of  page  numbers, 
see  if  the  longest  reference  is  indicated  by  a  dash  between 
page  numbers  or  otherwise.     The  longest  reference  is 
probably  the  most  important. 

If  an  index  presents  difficulties,  turn  to  the  beginning 
of  it,  and  see  if  there  are  special  directions  for  using  it. 

21.  Indexes  of  sets.  —  The  index  to  a  set,  that  is,  a 
work  in  more  than  one  volume,  is  found  at  the  end  of  the 
last  volume;   for  instance,   the  index   to   Fiske's   Old 
Virginia  and  Her  Neighbors  (two  volumes).     Such   an 
index  gives  the  volume  number  for  a  reference  as  well 
as  the  page  number. 

Extract  from  the  index  to  Fiske's  Old  Virginia  and 
Her  Neighbors:  — 

Slavery,  alleged  beneficence  of,  i.  16;  different  types  in  Vir- 
ginia and  South  Carolina,  ii.  327;  prohibited  in  Georgia, 
ii.  335;  introduced  there,  ii.  336. 
Slave  hunters,  Spanish,  i.  149. 
Slaves'  collars,  ii.  200. 
Slaves,  price  of,  ii.  194,  201. 


10         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

Some  sets  have  besides  the  general  index,  an  index  to 
each  volume;  for  instance,  Rhodes's  History  of  the 
United  States. 

22.  Concordances.  —  Great  classics  such  as  Shake- 
speare and  the  Bible,  and  books  of  quotations,  have  a 
particular  kind  of  index  known  as  a  "concordance." 
A  concordance  is  simply  a  very  thorough  index  to  the 
words  of  a  book,  as  distinguished  from  an  ordinary  index 
which  brings  out  subjects.  For  illustration,  compare  the 
following  examples  with  the  examples  of  an  ordinary 
index  in  section  19  and  section  21.  Note  in  these  ex- 
amples that  an  important  word  is  put  first,  and  the 
rest  of  the  phrase  is  arranged  after  it. 

Extracts  from  the  index  to  Bartlett's  Familiar  Quota- 
tions, indexing  the  quotation,  "Uneasy  lies  the  head 
that  wears  a  crown":  — 

Crown,  better  than  his,  64. 

emperor  without  his,  307. 

fruitless  upon  my  head,  121. 

head  that  wears  a,  89. 
Head,  beauteous  honors  on  its,  337. 

coals  of  fire  on  his,  828. 

crown  of  his,  51. 

fame  over  his  living,  565. 

fruitless,  crown  upon  my,  121. 

gently  lay  my,  218. 

silvered  o'er  by  time,  419. 

Uneasy  lies  the,  89. 

what  seemed  his,  228. 

Extract  from  Hoyt's  Cyclopedia  of  Practical  Quota- 
tions :  — 

Crown  —  abdicated  his  crown  1  a. 

and  an  immortal  crown  .  .  .  674  a. 

emperor  without  his  c.    .   .  .  354  «. 

head  that  wears  a  c.*  .   .   .  .  535  g. 

lover  or  crown  to  thee,       .  .  241  h. 


The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book  11 

In  this  particular  book,  the  letter  in  italics  following 
the  page  number  indicates  the  place  on  the  page  where 
the  quotation  is  found;  and  the  asterisk  (*)  means  that 
the  author  is  Shakespeare. 

23.  The  index  of  an  atlas.  —  At  the  margins  of 
maps  are  found  figures  which  mark  latitude  and  longi- 
tude.    Between  these    figures  there  are  often  found  in 
atlases   other  figures  and   letters  as   in  the  illustration 
on  the  following  page. 

An  entry  in  the  index  of  the  atlas  will  read,  "Lincoln, 
Neb.  47;  H-3,"  which  means  that  Lincoln,  Neb.,  will  be 
found  on  page  or  map  47,  near  the  place  where  the 
imaginary  lines  H  —  H  and  3  —  3  cross  each  other,  or 
in  the  quadrangle  in  which  their  intersection  occurs. 

24.  Cross  references.  —  We  sometimes  find  in  an 
index,  in  footnotes,  in  the  text  itself  of  a  book,  in  library 
catalogues  and  elsewhere,  some  phrase  such  as  See  or 
See  also,  followed  by  the  number  of  a  page  or  of  a  chap- 
ter, the  title  of  a  printed  article  or  of  a  book,  etc.,  to 
which  the  reader  is  directed.     These  directions  to  look 
elsewhere  for  further  information  are  called  cross  refer- 
ences. 

Example  from  an  index :  — 

Elbe  River,  270. 

Electric  power.     See  Hydro  Electric  Power. 

England.     See  British  Isles. 

Equator,  6;  days  and  nights  at,  13. 

25.  Cross  references  are  made  when  another  passage 
or  article  will  throw  light  on  the  subject  being  dis- 
cussed; and  such  often  use  the  phrase  See  also,  as  NEWS- 
PAPERS, see  also  PRINTING.     Cross  references  are  also 
made  when  there  are  two  names  for  the  same  thing,  as 


The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book  13 

JOVE,  see  JUPITER;  or  two  ways  of  spelling  the  same 
name,  as  SHAKSPERE,  see  SHAKESPEARE;  or  when  two 
subjects  are  so  closely  related  as  to  be  more  conveniently 
discussed  under  one  heading,  as  VENTILATION,  see  HEAT- 
ING AND  VENTILATION;  or  when  one  subject  is  included 
in  another,  as  SCOTLAND,  see  GREAT  BRITAIN.  In 
these  cases, to  save  space,  all  the  information  is  put  under 
one  heading,  and  a  cross  reference  is  made  from  the  other. 

Occasionally  an  abbreviation  is  used,  such  as  v. 
(Latin,  vide  =  see),  or  cf.  (Latin,  confer  =  compare). 
A  list  of  abbreviations  used  in  making  cross  references  is 
found  in  section  28. 

Sometimes  the  phrase  or  abbreviation  is  left  out, 
thus:  OLD  TESTAMENT,  BIBLE,  instead  of  OLD  TESTA- 
MENT, see  BIBLE. 

26.  Abbreviations.  —  There   are   certain   technical 
terms  relating  to  books  which  are  often  abbreviated  by 
authors,  publishers  or  libraries,  when  it  is  important  to 
save  space,  as  sometimes  in  the  case  of  cross  references. 
Some  of  the  more  common  abbreviations  encountered 
in  reading  are  explained  in  the  following  lists. 

Caution:  One  must  remember  that  the  same  abbre- 
viation often  stands  for  several  different  things;  for 
example,  "v."  =  "verse,"  "volume,"  or  "vide."  In 
deciding  what  an  abbreviation  means  in  any  particular 
case,  one  must  therefore  always  look  for  that  meaning 
which  fits  best. 

(Words  in  these  lists  printed  in  italics  are  Latin.) 

27.  Explanatory  abbreviations.  —  There  are  a  few 
abbreviations  which  may  be  called  explanatory  abbre- 
viations because  they  are  followed  by  a  phrase  or  a  sen- 
tence which  explains  or  adds  to  a  statement  just  made; 
for  example : 


14          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

"I  made  a  large  tent,  which,  to  preserve  me  from  the  rains, 
that  in  one  part  of  the  year  are  very  violent  there,  I  made 
double,  viz.,  one  smaller  tent  within,  and  one  larger  tent  above 
it."  — Defoe,  Robinson  Crusoe. 

e.g.,  ex.  gr.  =  exempli  gratia;  for  example. 

i.e.  =  id  est;  that  is. 

sc.,  scil.         =  scilicet;  namely,  that  is  to  say. 

viz.  =  videlicet;  namely,  to  wit,  that  is  to  say. 

28.  Abbreviations  of  reference.  —  One  often  meets 
in  footnotes,  indexes  and  elsewhere,  abbreviations  which 
refer  the  reader  to  some  other  paragraph,  page,  chapter, 
book,  etc.,  for  further  information. 

ad  fin.  =  ad  finem;  at  the  end. 

bk.  =  book. 

c.  =  chapter. 

can.  =  canto. 

cap.  =  caput;  chapter. 

cf.  =  confer;  compare. 

ch.,  chap.  =  chapter. 

comp.,  cp.  =  compare. 

et  seq.  =  et  sequens,  et    sequential    and  the  following 

(paragraph,  page,  etc.)     Plural:  et  seqq.  = 

et  sequentes. 

ff.  =  following. 

ib.,  ibid.  =  ibidem;  the  same, 

id.  =  idem;  the  same, 

inf.  =  infra;  below. 

i.  q.  =  idem  quod;  the  same  as. 

1.  =  line. 

1.,  lib.  =  liber;  book. 

1.  c.,  loc.  cit.  =  loco  citato;  in  the  place  cited;  in  the  passage 

last  referred  to. 

n.  =  note. 

p.  =  page,  pages.     Plural:   pp. 

par.  =  paragraph, 

pt.  =  part, 

q.  v.  =  quod  vide;  which  see. 


The  Printed  Parts  of  a  Book  15 

sc.  =  scene  (of  play). 

st.  =  stanza. 

sup.  =  supra;  above. 

s.  v.  =  sub  voce,  sub  verbo;  under  the  word  or  title. 

u.  s.  =  ut  supra;  as  above. 

v.  =  vide;  see. 

v.  =  volume,  .verse. 

vol.  =  volume. 

29.  Sometimes   a    reference    is    made    without    any 
abbreviation  to  show  chapter,  page,  verse,  etc.,  but  with 
numerals  only;   thus: 

Gen.  xi,  17  =  Genesis,  chapter  xi,  verse  17. 

Hamlet  iv.  3.  3.  =  Hamlet,  Act.  IV,  scene  3,  line  3. 

Morse.  Abraham  Lincoln  II.  ii  =  Morse.  Abraham  Lincoln, 

volume  II,  chapter  ii. 

Morse.   Abraham  Lincoln  11.34  =  Morse.  Abraham  Lincoln, 
volume  II,  page  34. 

Note  that  the  parts  of  a  book  referred  to  are  given  in 
the  order  of  their  size,  the  largest  being  put  first,  i.e. 
chapter,  verse;  act,  scene,  line,  etc. 

Signs  which  are  sometimes  used  instead  of  abbrevia- 
tions are  <I  for  paragraph,  and  §  for  section. 

30.  Miscellaneous  abbreviations. 

anon.  =  anonymous;  author  unknown. 

auth.  =  author. 

Bibl.  =  biblical. 

biog.  =  biography,  biographical. 

bul.  =  bulletin. 

eye.,  cycle.  =  cyclopedia. 

diet.  =  dictionary. 

ency.,  encyc.  =  encyclopedia. 

hist.  =  history,  historical. 

jour.  =  journal. 

lit.  =  literature,  literary,  literally. 

mag.  =  magazine. 


16         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

MS.  =  manuscript.     Plural:  MSS. 

N.  B.  =  nota  bene;  mark  well,  take  notice. 

pro.,  proc.  =  proceedings. 

pseud.  =  pseudonym ;   a  name  assumed  by  an  author. 

rep.,  rept.,  rpt.  =  report. 

rev.  =  review. 

Shak.,  Shaks.  =  Shakespeare. 

trans.  =  transactions;  translation,  translator. 


Chapter  III 
The  Card  Catalogue 

31.  Just  as  a  book  will  have  a  table  of  contents  and 
an  index,  so  a  library  has  two  lists  of  its  books  known 
respectively  as  the  shelf  list  and  the  card  catalogue. 
These  lists  are  usually  typewritten  or  printed  on  cards 
about  three  inches  by  five  inches  in  size,  and  are  filed 
in  drawers  in  a  specially  constructed  cabinet.     Each 
drawer  holds  several  hundred  cards. 

32.  The  shelf  list.  —  The  shelf  list  is  the  library's 
table  of  contents.     In  it,  each  title  in  the  library  is 
represented  by  a  single  card  and  the  cards  are  arranged 
in  the  order  in  which  the  books  stand  on  the  shelves, 
just  as  the  table  of  contents  follows  the  order  of  the 
chapters  in  a  book.     Each  card  contains  the  name  of 
the  author,  the  title,  the  call  number  and  the  "accession 
number,"  which  is  a  number  given  to  a  volume  in  the 
order  of  its  addition  to  the  library. 

33.  The  card  catalogue.  —  The  card  catalogue  is 
the  index  of  the  library,  and  for  the  ordinary  reader 
is  more  important  and  useful  than  the  shelf  list.     In  it, 
each  book  is  represented  by  two  or  more  cards  as  fol- 
lows :  — 


18         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

1.     An  AUTHOR  CARD,  having  as  heading1  the  name  of 
the  author.     Example: — 


291       Gayley,   Charles  Mills 

G25  Classic  myths  in  English  literature, 

based  chiefly  on  Bulf inch's  "Age  of 

fable."    Ed. 2.     c!895. 


O 


Ed.  =  edition;  c  =  copyright. 

2.     A  TITLE  CARD,  having  as  heading  the  title  of  the 
book.     Example :  — 


291  Classic  myths  in  English  literature 

G25       Gayley,    C.  M. 


O 


1  A  heading  is  the  word,  phrase  or  name  at  the  top  of  a  catalogue  card, 
by  which  the  card  is  alphabetically  filed.  But  merely  introductory 
phrases  such  as  "For  bibliography  of,"  "For  biography  of,"  etc.,  are 
not  headings.  See  example  b,  page  20. 


The  Card  Catalogue  19 

Note  that  the  information  is  less  full  than  on  author 
or  subject  card. 

3.  A  SUBJECT  CARD,  having  as  heading  the  name  of 
the  subject  of  which  the  book  treats.  The  headings  for 
subject  cards  in  most  libraries  are  in  red.  Example:  — 


291  Mythology  -  Classical 

G25       Gayley,  C.  M. 

Classic  myths  in  English  literature, 

based  chiefly  on  Bulf inch's  "Age  of 

fable."     Ed. 2.     c!895. 


O 


Ed.  =  edition;  c  =  copyright.      (Underscored  words  in  red.) 

34.  Call   numbers    on   catalogue    cards. — The 

combination  number  (291-G25)  in  the  upper  left  corner 
of  each  card  is  the  book's  call  number.  See  Section 
46  for  an  explanation  of  its  purpose,  and  Section  40 
for  a  description  of  how  it  is  used. 

35.  Special  kinds  of  subject  cards.  —  (a)  Subject 
card  for  PART  OF  A  BOOK.     This  kind  of  card  is  made 
when  a  book  treats  separately  of  more  subjects  than 
one,  as  in  the  following  example  where  a  part  of  the 
book  is  entirely  devoted  to  the  subject  of   Paper.     It 
differs  from  the  ordinary  subject  card   by  giving  the 
numbers  of  the  pages  on  which  the  subject  is  discussed. 


20          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 
Example :  — 


Paper 
R58       Rocheleau,  W.  F. 

Manufactures.     c!900.     p. 138-155. 


O 


c  =  copyright;  p.  =  pages.     (Underscored  word  in  red.) 

(b)  Subject  card  for  BIOGRAPHY.  This  may  have  at 
the  top  of  the  card  some  such  phrase  as  "For  biography 
of,"  or  include  the  word  "biography"  in  the  heading. 
Example:  — 


For  biography  of 

923    Washington,  George,  1st  president  of 

the  United  States^ see 
Lodge,  H.  C. 

George  Washington.  2v.  1899 ,  c ' 89-98 . 
(American  statesmen) 


O 


v.  =  volumes;  c  =  copyright;  (  )  enclosing  the  words  "Ameri- 
can statesmen"  mean  that  the  book  belongs  to  the"  Ameri- 
can statesmen"  series.  (Underscored  words  in  red.) 


The  Card  Catalogue  21 

(c)  Subject  card  for  CRITICISM.  This  may  have  at  the 
top  of  the  card  the  phrase  "For  criticism  of,"  or  include 
the  word  "criticism"  in  the  heading.  Example:  — 


For  criticism  of 

822    Shakespeare,  William,  see 
D75   Dowden,  Edward 

Shakspere.  n.d.  (Literature 
primers) 

With  bibliography. 


O 


n.  d.  no  date;  (  )  around  the  words  "Literature  primers' 
mean  that  the  book  is  one  of  the  "Literature  primers' 
series.  (Underscored  words  in  red.) 


(d)  Subject  card  for  a  BIBLIOGRAPHY.1  This  card  may 
have  at  the  top  some  such  phrase  as  "For  bibliography 
of"  or  include  the  word  "bibliography"  in  the  heading. 

1 A  bibliography  is  a  list  of  the  works  of  an  author,  or  of  the  books 
and  other  literature  which  have  been  written  on  a  subject,  for  instance: 
A  bibliography  of  the  works  of  George  Eliot;  a  bibliography  of  Educa- 
tion. A  bibliography  may  occupy  a  whole  book,  or,  as  in  the  example 
cited  on  page  22.  be  a  separate  section  or  chapter.  It  may  also  occur 
as  a  paragraph  at  the  beginning  or  end  of  a  chapter  or  part,  as  in  Wil- 
son's Division  and  Reunion,  or  be  scattered  along  in  footnotes  as  in 
Rhodes's  History  of  the  United  States;  and  in  these  cases  the  library 
catalogue  is  less  likely  to  mention  it.  Bibliographies  are  useful  when 
it  is  necessary  to  follow  up  a  subject  very  thoroughly. 


22         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 
Example :  — 


For  bibliography  of 

822    Shakespeare,  William,  see 
Dowden,  Edward 

Books  useful  to  students  of  Shak- 
spere.   (In  his  Shakspere.  n.d. 
p. 166-167) 


O 


n.  d.  =  no  date;  p.  =  pages.  Note  that  in  this  case  (1)  the 
bibliography  is  only  part  of  the  book,  and  (2)  the  title 
of  the  bibliography  is  given  as  well  as  the  title  of  the 
book.  (Underscored  words  in  red.) 

Many  libraries  use  differently  colored  cards  for  differ- 
ent kinds  of  subjects.  For  instance,  biography  cards 
may  be  green  or  have  green  edges. 

36.  Author  cards  are  made  for  every  book;  title 
cards,  when  the  title  is  likely  to  be  remembered;  and 
subject  cards,  when   the  subject  of   the  book  is  at  all 
important. 

37.  In  addition  to  author,  title  and  subject  cards, 
catalogue  cards  are  made  with  the  names  of  EDITORS, 
TRANSLATORS  and  COMPILERS  as  headings,  and  when  a 
book  belongs  to  a  series,  for  instance,  Lodge's  "Alexander 
Hamilton"  in  the  American  Statesmen  series,  a  card  is 
made  with  the  name  of  the  SERIES1  as  heading. 

1  A  "series"  in  this  sense  is  a  number  of  books  published  in  the  same 
style,  each  of  which  is  complete  in  itself,  but  all  of  which  have  some 
common  point  of  interest.  For  instance,  all  the  books  in  the  American 
Statesmen  series  are  devoted  to  the  lives  of  American  political  leaders, 
such  as  Webster,  Clay,  Calhoun,  etc. 


The  Card  Catalogue  23 

38.  Cross  references  and  guide  cards.  —  Cards 
containing  cross  references  are  often  inserted  to  put 
the  user  of  the  catalogue  on  the  right  track,  or  to  point 
the  way  to  further  information.  Examples:  — 


Shakspere ,   see 
Shakespeare 


O 


This  direction  means:  You  will  not  find  any  cards  headed 
"Shakspere;"  look  under  the  differently  spelled  head- 
ing "Shakespeare." 


Amusements,  see  also 
Sports 


O 


This  direction  means:  If  the  cards  headed  "Amusements" 
do  not  give  you  what  you  want,  consult  also  the  cards 
headed  "Sports."  (Underscored  words  in  red.) 


24         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

Guide  cards  also  are  inserted  at  short  distances. 
These  are  plain  cards  with  words  or  letters  printed  on 
projecting  labels;  they  are  filed  alphabetically  among 
the  other  cards  and  help  to  find  a  heading  quickly. 

39.  Cards   of   all   kinds   are    filed    together   alpha- 
betically by  their  headings. 

40.  Using  the  card  catalogue.  —  From  what  has 
been  said,  it  follows  that  the  card  catalogue  tells  what 
books  a  library  has  by  a  certain  author,  whether  it  has  a 
book  by  a  certain  title,  and  what  books  it  has  on  a  cer- 
tain subject.     In  using  the  card  catalogue,  therefore, 
look  for  the  name  of  the  author,  the  title1  or  the  sub- 
ject, in  its  alphabetical  place.     Make  a  note  of  the  call 
number  on  a  slip  of  paper  and  hand  the  slip  to  the 
librarian. 

In  making  a  "bibliography,"  that  is,  a  list  of  books  by 
a  certain  author  or  upon  a  certain  subject,  use  for  a 
short  list  the  following  forms :  — 


Thomas  Bulf inch 

Age  of  chivalry.  398-B87 

Age  of  fable.  292-B87a 

Charlemagne .  398-B87c 


Electricity 

Child.  How  and  why  of  electricity.  537-C43 
Sloane.  Electric  toy  making.  537.81-S63 

Swoope.'  Lessons  in  practical  electricity. 

537-S76 


1  If  "the,"  "an,"  or  "a"  is  the  first  word,  disregard  it. 


Numbering  and  Arranging  of  Books  25 

In  making  a  long  list,  use  cards  the  size  of  a  library 
catalogue  card  (3  inches  by  5  inches),  and  make  a  note 
of  one  book  only  on  each  card,  thus:  — 


537       Child 

C43  How  and  why  of  electricity.     1902. 


If  particular  pages  are  referred  to,  be  sure  to  note 
them.  (See  section  35,  example  a.) 

The  cards  should  be  kept  in  alphabetical  order. 

The  advantages  of  a  card  list  are  that  new  items  are 
easily  inserted  in  their  proper  places,  and  items  not 
wanted  are  easily  thrown  out. 

41.    Library  of  Congress  catalogue  cards.  —  The 

Library  of  Congress  prints  its  catalogue  cards  instead  of 
typewriting  them,  and  offers  duplicate  copies  for  sale 
to  other  libraries.  Many  libraries  buy  these  cards  and 
use  them  in  their  catalogues  wherever  possible.  The 
following  example  is  a  reduced  reproduction  of  such  a 
<^rd.  Note  the  fullness  of  the  information;  on  some 
cards  even  fuller  details  are  given,  including  an  outline 
of  the  table  of  contents,  etc. 


26         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 


Thoreau,  Henry  David,  1817-1862. 

Walden,  by  Henry  D.  Thoreau  ...  illustrated  by  Clifton 
Johnson.     New  York,  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  co.  [1910] 

xvi.  440  p.     front.,  plates.     21^cra         *2.00 
Title  vignette:  author's  port. 


10-16739 
Library  of  Congress 

c  Aug.  5. 1910;  2c.  Aug.  11. 1910;  O    A  268876;  Thomas  Y.  Crowell 
&  co.,  New  York.  N.  Y. 


1817-1862  =  dates  of  author's  birth  and  death;  xvi  =  pages 
numbered  with  Roman  numerals;  440  p.  —  pages  num- 
bered with  Arabic  numerals;  front.  =  frontispiece;  21/^ 
cm.  =  height  in  centimeters;  $2.00  =  price;  port.  = 
portrait;  10-16739  =  serial  number  of  catalogue  card. 

The  two  lines  at  the  bottom  have  to  do  with  the  copyright 
and  translated  read :  Copyrighted  August  5, 1910;  2  copies 
received  on  August  11,  1910;  copyright  number  is 
A268876;  copyrighted  by  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co., 
New  York,  N.  Y. 

42.  Abbreviations  for  describing  books.  —  Library 
catalogues,  bibliographies,    and   booksellers'   and   other 
lists  often  use  abbreviations  to  describe  the  important 
features  of  a  book. 

43.  Abbreviations  relating  to  literary  and  typo- 
graphical details. 

abr.  =  abridged;  abridgment. 

app.  =  appendix. 

bibl.  =  bibliography. 

c.  =  copyright. 

col.  =  color,  colored;    e.g.,  il.  in  col.  =  illustrated 

in  color, 

comp.  =  compiler. 


The  Card  Catalogue  27 

cont.  =  contents,  containing;  continued. 

cop.  =  copyright;  copy. 

cor.  =  corrected;   (of  an  edition). 

diag.,  diagr.  =  diagram. 

ed.  =  edition;    editor. 

eng.  =  engraving. 

enl.  =  enlarged;   (of  an  edition). 

facsim.  =  facsimile. 

fig.  =  figure. 

front.  =  frontispiece;   the   illustration  facing  a  title- 
page. 

il.,  illus.  =  illustrated,  illustration. 

intr.,  introd.  =  introduction. 

1.  =  leaf,  leaves. 

n.  d.  =  no  date,  i.e.,  of  publication. 

n.  p.  =  no  place,  i.e.,  of  publication. 

p.  =  page,  pages;  part. 

phot.  =  photograph,  photographs. 

pi.  =  plate;  an  illustration  printed  separately  from 

the  text  of  a  work.     Plural:  pis. 

.       pp.  =  pages. 

por.,  port.  =  portrait. 

pref.  =  preface. 

pt.  =  part. 

pub.  =  publisher. 

rev.  =  revised,  revision. 

ser.  =  series. 

supp.  =  supplement. 

tab.  =  table,  tables. 

t.-p.  =  title-page. 

tr.  =  translation,  translated,  translator. 

v.,  vol.  =  volume. 

44.    Abbreviations  relating  to  book  sizes. 

cm.  =  centimetres. 

F.,  f.,  fo.,  fol.  -  folio. 
Q.,  4to,  4°        =  quarto. 
8vo,  8°  =  octavo. 

12mo.,  12°       =  duodecimo  or  twelvemo. 
16mo,  16°         =  sixteenmo, 
etc.,  etc. 


28          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

The  terms  quarto,  folio,  octavo,  etc.,  originally  re- 
ferred to  the  number  of  leaves  into  which  a  sheet  of 
printing  paper  was  folded  in  making  up  a  book.  If  the 
sheet  were  folded  once,  making  two  leaves  to  each  sec- 
tion (see  page  1),  the  book  was  said  to  be  in  folio;  if 
twice,  making  four  leaves,  in  quarto;  if  three  times, 
making  eight  leaves,  in  octavo,  etc.  Printing  paper  is 
made  in  so  many  different  sizes,  however,  that  these 
terms  when  used  to  express  size  are  very  inexact.  The 
following  table  is  intended  merely  to  give  a  rough 
notion  of  some  sizes  in  common  use  and  their  relations 
to  each  other.  One  must  always  remember,  however, 
that  in  any  particular  case  a  book  described,  for  example, 
as  quarto,  may  vary  considerably  from  the  measurement 
given,  and  even  overlap  the  size  next  above  or  below  it. 

F.  =  any  book  over  quarto  size ;  e.g.,  the  largest  atlases. 

Q.,  4to.  =  averages  about  11  inches  high;  e.g.,  Larned's  His- 
tory for  Ready  Reference. 

8vo.  =  averages  about  8%  inches  high;  e.g.,  magazines 
=  such  as  Harper's  Monthly,  Scribner's,  the  Cen- 
tury. 

12mo.  =  averages  about  7J^  inches  high;  e.g.,  the  ordinary 
novel,  or  the  World  Almanac. 

16mo.     =  averages  a  little  less  than  7  inches  high. 

45.     Abbreviations  relating  to  binding. 

bd.  =  bound.1 

bds.  =  boards,  i.e.,  pasteboard  covers. 

cf.  =  calf,  i.e.,  calfskin. 

cl.  =  cloth. 

hf.  =  half;  e.g.,  hf.-cf.  =  half  calf. 

lea.,  leath.  =  leather. 

i  A  book  is  called  "full-bound"  when  it  is  entirely  covered  with  leather. 
When  the  back  and  corners  are  of  leather,  a  book  is  "half-bound"  or 
sometimes  "three-quarter  bound,"  depending  on  the  extent  to  which 
the  leather  covers  it. 


The  Card  Catalogue  29 

mor.  =  morocco.  A  fine  kind  of  leather  made  from 

goat-skin;  the  term  is  often  applied  to  its 
imitation. 

pap.  =  paper. 

pam.,  pamph.  =  pamphlet;  a  small  book  in  paper  covers,  or 
without  any  covers. 


Chapter  IV 

The  Numbering  and  Arranging  of  Books  in 
Public  Libraries 

46.  Call  numbers.  —  To  keep  it  in  its  place,  and 
to  distinguish  it  from  every  other  book  in  the  library, 
each  book  has  a  number  printed  on  the  back,  known  as 
the  "call  number."     Exception:  In  many  libraries,  fic- 
tion has  no  call  number. 

This  call  number  usually  consists  of  two  parts.  The 
first  part  stands  more  or  less  exactly  for  the  subject 
of  the  book,  and  is  called  the  "class  number."  The 
second  part  generally  stands  for  the  author's  name, 
and  is  called  the  "author  number."  Example:  — 

512         Fine.     College  Algebra. 
F49 

In  this  case  512  signifies  the  subject,  "Algebra,"  and 
F49  stands  for  the  name,  "Fine."  Note  that  the 
author  number  (F49)  contains  the  initial  of  the  author's 
name.  Different  copies  of  the  same  book  will  generally 
have  the  same  call  number. 

47.  Classification.  —  The  class  number  of  a  book 
is  assigned   according    to   a   regular   system   which   in 
the  United  States  is  oftenest  the  system  known  as  the 
Dewey  Decimal  Classification.1  This  classification  divides 
all  knowledge  into  ten  parts,  and  gives  each  part  a  num- 
ber as  follows :  — 

1  An  important  system  of  classification  less  widely  used  than  the 
Dewey,  is  the  Cutter  Expansive  Classification  which  employs  the  letters 
of  the  alphabet  instead  of  decimal  figures. 


Numbering  and  Arranging  of  Books  31 

000  GENERAL  WORKS'  600  USEFUL  ARTS 

100  PHILOSOPHY  700  FINE  ARTS 

200  RELIGION  800  LITERATURE 

300  SOCIOLOGY  900  HISTORY,  including  GEOGRA- 

400  PHILOLOGY  PHY,  TRAVEL  and  BIOGRA- 

500  NATURAL  SCIENCE  PHY. 

48.  Each  of  these  parts  is  again  divided ;  for  instance, 
Natural  Science  (500) :  — 

510  MATHEMATICS  560  PALEONTOLOGY 
520  ASTRONOMY  570  BIOLOGY 

530  PHYSICS  580  BOTANY 

540  CHEMISTRY  590  ZOOLOGY 

550  GEOLOGY 

Each  of  these  smaller  parts  is  further  sub-divided ;  for 
instance,  Mathematics  (510) :  — 

511  ARITHMETIC  514  TRIGONOMETRY 

512  ALGEBRA  515  DESCRIPTIVE    GEOMETRY, 

513  GEOMETRY  etc.,  etc. 

49.  The  subdivision  of  classes  is  frequently  carried 
on  still  further;  for  instance,  Arithmetic  (511):  — 

511.1  SYSTEMS  OF  ARITHMETIC         511.3  PRIME  NUMBERS 

511.2  NOTATION  AND  NUMERA-         511.4  FRACTIONS 

TION  etc.,  etc. 

50.  As  each  subject  has  a  definite  number,  it  is  clear 
that  if  the  numbers  are  applied  to  books,  all  books  on 
the  same  subject  must  stand   together;  for  instance, 
all  ordinary  algebras  will  have  512  for  a  class  number. 
And  it  also  is  clear  that  books  on  related  subjects  such 
as  Algebra  (512)  and  Geometry  (513),  will  usually  be 
found  near  each  other. 

1  Such  as  general  encyclopedias  and  other  works  which  cover  too  many 
subjects  to  be  confined  to  any  one  of  the  other  classes. 


32 


The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 


51.  Author  numbers.  —  The  author  number  dis- 
tinguishes a  book  from  every  other  book  having  the 
same  class  number.     In  most  libraries  it  combines  the 
initial  of  the  author's  surname  with  a  figure  in  such  a 
way    that    books   arranged    by    their   author   numbers 
stand  alphabetically  arranged  by  their  authors'  names.1 
(See  the  second  example  in  section  52.)    Example:   L71 
in  the  call  number,  641-L71    (Lincoln.     Boston    Cook 
Book). 

52.  Arrangement  of  books  by  call  numbers.  — 
Books  are  arranged  on  the  shelves  from  left  to  right 
first  by  their  class  numbers;  and  then  books  with  the 
same  class  number  are  arranged  by  their  author  numbers. 

Example  of  books  arranged  by  class  numbers:  — 


HEILPRIN 

THE  EARTH  AND 
ITS  STORY 

551 

H41 


MARTIN 


STORY  OF  A  PIECE 
OF  COAL 

553.2 

M42 


DANA 

HOW  TO  KNOW  THE 
WILD  FLOWERS 

580 

D19 


Example  of  books  with  the  same  class  number  ar- 
ranged by  author  numbers:  — 


KEELER 

OUR  NATIVE 
TREES 

582 
K15 


LOUNSBERRY 


GUIDE  TO  THE 
TREES 


582 

L93 


MATHEWS 

FAMILIAR   TREES 

AND   THEIR 

LEAVES 

582 

M47 


1  This  form  of  author  number  is  known  by  librarians  as  a  "Cutter1 
number,  from  the  name  of  its  inventor. 


Numbering  and  Arranging  of  Books  33 

53.  For   the   sake   of    convenience,   a    library    will 
sometimes  make  exceptions  from  the  scheme  of  classifi- 
cation and  arrangement  outlined  in  this  chapter.      For 
instance,  works  of  fiction  in  most  libraries  receive  no 
class  number,  and  in  many  libraries  no  call  number  of 
any  kind.     In  the  first  case,  works  of  fiction  may  receive 
and   be   arranged    by  an   author   number.     (See    sec- 
tion 51.)     In  the  second  case,  they  are  directly  arranged 
in   alphabetical    order   by   their   authors'    names;   and 
several  books  by  the  same  author  are  arranged  alpha- 
betically by  their  titles.     Individual  biography1  when  it 
has  no  class   number  usually  gets  some  distinguishing 
mark,  as  for  instance  a  letter  "B,"  and  in  addition  to  the 
"B"   a  number    or  numbers  which  arrange  it    alpha- 
betically by  the  name  of  the  person  who  is  its  subject. 

The  local  library  must  be  specially  -  studied  for  its 
peculiarities. 

54.  To  find  a  book.  —  Get  its  call  number  from  the 
card  catalogue.     Look  on  the  shelves,  first  for  the  class 
number,    and    then    for    the    author    number.      These 
numbers  should  be  read  as  decimals  and  not  as  whole 
numbers. 

When  a  book  has  no  call  number,  or  its  call  number 
is  unlike  those  described,  ask  the  librarian  to  explain. 

1  Biography  is  called  "individual"  when  a  whole  book  devotes  itself 
to  the  life  of  but  one  person,  for  instance.  Franklin's  Autobiography. 
It  is  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  "collective"  biography  which  is  the 
terra  applied  to  a  book  which  contains  separate  accounts  of  the  lives 
of  more  persons  than  one,  for  instance,  Hinchman  and  Gummere's 
Lives  of  Great  English  Writers. 


Chapter  V 
Reference  Books 

55.  Definition  of  a  reference  book.  —  Public  libra- 
ries have  certain  books  which  are  not  lent  to  readers 
for  use  at  home,  but  which  are  kept  at  hand  for  consul- 
tation in  the  library.  Such  books  are  called  "reference 
books." 

Any  book  may  be  kept  as  a  reference  book,  but 
libraries  are  likely  to  include  among  their  reference 
books  any  very  expensive  or  rare  volumes,  sets  of  public 
documents,  files  of  magazines,  magazine  indexes,  and 
in  general  any  works  which  are  likely  to  be  needed  at 
any  moment  for  instant  consultation  such  as  diction- 
aries and  encyclopedias. 

In  this  chapter,  the  term  "reference  book"  will  be 
limited  to  those  books  which  have  a  great  many  facts 
packed  into  a  comparatively  small  space  and  are  intended 
for  quickly  looking  up  particular  points  rather  than  for 
reading  through.  By  a  "particular  point"  is  meant  any 
fact  that  can  be  stated  in  a  word,  a  line,  a  paragraph  or 
a  short  article;  for  instance,  the  population  of  Cleve- 
land, a  batting  average,  the  name  of  the  United  States 
ambassador  to  Great  Britain,  the  date  of  the  first  steam- 
boat, how  to  pronounce  "Achilles,"  a  short  account  of 
the  life  of  Tennyson,  etc.,  etc. 

In  these  books  the  information  is  often  arranged 
alphabetically  as  in  the  dictionary  and  the  encyclopedia. 
If  not,  the  key  to  the  contents  is  found  in  the  index, 
as  in  the  World  Almanac,  or  in  the  table  of  contents. 


Reference  Books  35 

56.  Rules  for    using  reference  books.  —  If  the 

contents  are  arranged  alphabetically  look  for  a  subject 
in  its  alphabetical  place;  if  not,  consult  the  index,  or  if 
there  is  no  index,  the  table  of  contents. 

When  a  work  has  a  supplement,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
Encyclopedia  Americana  and  certain  editions  of  the 
Century  Dictionary,  or  is  continued  by  a  year-book,  as 
in  the  case  of  the  New  International  Encyclopaedia, 
consult  the  supplement  as  well  as  the  main  work  in  look- 
ing up  a  subject  of  current  interest. 

Look  at  the  copyright  date  of  the  book  in  case  the 
passing  of  time  would  affect  the  value  of  the  information 
as  given.  If  the  date  is  old,  it  will  be  necessary  to  get 
recent  facts  from  recent  sources.  Books  and  articles 
which  quickly  go  out  of  date  are  those  which  deal  with 
statistics,  living  persons,  technical  and  scientific  matters, 
and  current  history  in  general.  Much  geographical 
information  is  also  soon  out  of  date. 

In  looking  up  proper  names,  one  should  remember 
that  different  persons  or  places  often  have  the  same 
name;  for  instance,  Erie  (a  lake,  or  a  city  of  Pennsyl- 
vania); John  Brown  (an  American  Abolitionist,  or  the 
author  of  "Rab  and  His  Friends");  Cleveland  (a  city 
of  Ohio,  a  region  of  England,  or  an  ex-president  of  the 
United  States). 

57.  The  encyclopedia.1  —  Encyclopedias  are  usu- 
ally works  in  many  volumes  which  contain  thousands 
of  articles  on  practically  all  subjects  of  human  knowl- 

1  The  word  "encyclopedia,"  spelled  also  "encyclopaedia,"  "cyclopedia" 
and  "cyclopaedia,"  is  often  applied  to  a  comprehensive  work  on  any 
branch  of  knowledge,  especially  when  the  contents  are  alphabetically 
arranged.  The  form  "cyclopedia"  is  often  used  in  this  way.  "Encyclo- 
pedia" comes  from  two  Greek  words,  enkyklios  paideia=a  "circular," 
that  is  "complete,"  education;  enkyklios  from  en  =  in,  and  kykhs  =  a 
circle ;  paideia  from  pais  =  a  boy. 


36         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

edge.  Each  article  has  as  heading  the  name  of  the 
subject  of  which  it  treats;  and  all  articles  are  arranged 
in  alphabetical  order  so  that  the  first  volume  begins 
with  A,  and  the  last  volume  ends  with  words  in  Z. 

On  the  back  of  each  volume  are  printed  the  names,  or 
the  first  few  letters  of  the  names  of  the  first  and  last 
article  in  that  volume;  so  that  without  taking  a  volume 
down,  one  can  tell  whether  or  not  a  word  will  be  included 
in  it.  At  the  top"  of  each  page  are  printed  the  first  and 
the  last  heading  appearing  on  it. 

When  several  persons  and  places  have  the  same  name, 
the  names  of  places  are  kept  by  themselves  and  the 
names  of  persons  by  themselves.  Monarchs  of  the 
same  country  and  with  the  same  name  are  kept1  together 
and  arranged  by  number,  for  instance:  Charles  I,  Charles 
II,  of  England;  Charles  I,  Charles  II,  etc.,  of  Spain. 
Ordinary  persons  with  the  same  surname  are1  arranged 
alphabetically  by  their  Christian  names,  for  instance, 
Brown,  Charles;  Brown,  John.  When  the  full  names 
of  different  persons  are  alike,  they  may  be  distinguished 
by  dates  of  birth  and  death.  For  instance:  "Johnson, 
Samuel,  1709-84"  (the  great  dictionary  maker);  "John- 
son, Samuel,  1696-1772"  (an  early  American  educator). 

Long  articles  on  countries  are  usually  divided  into 
sections,  of  which  one  will  deal  with  the  geography, 
another  with  the  political  history,  etc. 

At  the  end  of  an  article  there  is  often  a  list  of  books 
from  which  the  material  for  the  article  was  taken,  and 
which  would  be  useful  to  any  one  who  desired  to  go  into 
the  subject  more  deeply. 

The  articles  in  the  encyclopedia  are  descriptive,  ex- 
planatory, statistical  and  historical.  They  are  often  by 

1  Usually. 


Reference  Books  37 

authorities  and  are  usually  reliable  for  the  date  when 
the  encyclopedia  was  published. 

Encyclopedia  articles  on  the  other  hand  rarely  give 
practical  directions  for  doing  things;  they  are  sometimes 
too  brief;  and  for  many  subjects  they  go  out  of  date. 

The  difference  between  the  encyclopedia  and  the 
dictionary  is  that  the  dictionary  deals  first  of  all  with 
words,  whereas  the  encyclopedia  deals  with  subjects. 
The  encyclopedia  is  useful  to  any  one  who  wishes  a 
compact  account  which  is  longer  than  a  dictionary 
definition,  but  shorter  than  a  book. 

58.  Rules  for  using  the  encyclopedia.  —  (1)  Look 
at  the  words  or  letters  on  the  backs  of  the  volumes  to 
find  the  volume  in  which  the  name  of  the  subject  should 
occur.     (2)  Look  for  the  subject  in  its  alphabetical  place 
in  the  volume  chosen,  using  as  guide  the  headings  at  the 
tops  of  the  pages.    (3)  Follow  up  cross  references. 

In  the  case  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  use  the 
index  volume,  if  a  subject  is  not  found  under  its  own 
heading. 

59.  Important  encyclopedias.  — 

ENCYCLOPEDIA  BRITANNICA. 

This  is  a  standard  work  of  reference.  The  arrange- 
ment is  under  general  heads  rather  than  by  specific  sub- 
jects; for  instance,1  Lake  Erie  is  described  under  "St. 
Lawrence  River,"  instead  of  "Erie  (Lake)";  in  this 
case  "St.  Lawrence  River"  is  taken  as  the  name  of  the 
general  system  of  lakes  and  rivers  of  which  Lake  Erie 
is  part.  Owing  to  this  arrangement,  articles  frequently 
become  lengthy  treatises,  and  to  find  a  subject  in  the 
Britannica  it  is  therefore  often  necessary  to  use  the 

1  As  in  the  ninth  and  tenth  editions. 


38          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

index  which  forms  a  separate  volume.  The  articles  are 
by  authorities,  and  are  signed.  Biographies  of  living 
persons  are  omitted  from  the  older  editions. 

There  are  numerous  editions  of  the  Britannica,  of 
which  the  following  require  special  mention :  — 

The  ninth,  in  twenty-four  volumes  and  index,  issued 
between  1875  and  1889.  This  remains  a  useful  work 
of  reference,  although  many  of  the  articles  are  out  of 
date. 

The  tenth,  which  consists  of  the  existing  volumes  of 
the  ninth  edition  with  eleven  new  volumes  added,  mak- 
ing thirty-five  volumes  in  all.  Volume  31  is  an  atlas. 
Volume  35  is  an  index  to  the  complete  work. 

The  eleventh  edition  is  an  entirely  new  work  in 
twenty-eight  volumes  and  index,  brought  up  to  date 
(1910).  There  are  more  subjects  found  under  their  own 
names  than  in  the  old  editions;  for  instance,  Column  is 
found  under  the  heading  "Column,"  instead  of  under 
the  general  term  "Architecture,"  as  in  editions  nine  and 
ten.  The  maps  in  this  edition  accompany  the  articles 
which  they  illustrate  instead  of  being  collected  in  a 
separate  volume. 

59a.  The  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  is  continued  by 
the  BRITANNICA  YEAR-BOOK.  This  gives  a  yearly  sur- 
vey of  the  world's  progress  since  the  completion  of  the 
eleventh  edition  of  the  encyclopaedia  in  1910.  The  sub- 
ject-matter is  grouped  under  general  headings,  such  as 
Politics  and  Economics,  and  Science,  so  that  one  must 
use  the  index.  It  does  not  give  biographical  sketches. 

60.    NEW  INTERNATIONAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA. 

The  most  important  encyclopedia  published  in  the 
United  States.  In  it,  a  subject  is  usually  found  directly 


Reference  Books  39 

under  its  own  name,  and  not  grouped  with  allied  subjects 
under  some  general  heading  as  is  often  the  case  in  the 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica.  Hence  it  is  excellent  for 
quick  reference. 

The  alphabetical  order  is  letter  by  letter,  instead 
of  word  by  word;  for  instance,  New  Jersey,  news- 
paper, New  York,  and  not  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
newspaper. 

60a.  The  New  International  Encyclopaedia  is  con- 
tinued by  the  NEW  INTERNATIONAL  YEAR  BOOK. 
The  Year  Book  gives  a  summary  of  the  year's  events, 
and  includes  biographical  sketches.  It  is  arranged  and 
used  like  the  encyclopedia. 

61.  ENCYCLOPEDIA  AMERICANA. 

Covers  much  the  same  ground  as  the  New  International 
although  the  two  often  supplement  each  other.  The 
Americana  is  often  stronger  on  scientific  subjects,  but 
more  likely  to  be  condensed  on  other  subjects. 

There  is  a  supplement  in  two  volumes. 

62.  Other  encyclopedias  sometimes  met  with  are  the 
Universal  Cyclopaedia  and  Atlas,  the  American  Cyclo- 
paedia and  Chambers's  Encyclopaedia. 

63.  The  dictionary.1  —  A  dictionary  is  an  alpha- 
betical   list   of    the   words   of    a  language   with   their 
derivations  and  meanings.     The  modern,  unabridged, 
one-volume  English  dictionary  includes  besides  ordinary 
words,  proper  names  of  all  kinds,  abbreviations,  words 
and  phrases  from  foreign  languages,  and  the  arbitrary 
signs  used  in  printing  and  writing,  such  as  /  in  mathe- 
matics, or  ft  in  medicine. 

1  The  word  "dictionary"  is  often  applied  to  a  work  on  any  subject,  the 
contents  of  which  are  arranged  in  alphabetical  order;  for  instance. 
Lippincott's  Pronouncing  Biographical  Dictionary. 


40         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

In  connection  with  an  ordinary  word  are  given  its 
spelling,  pronunciation,  part  of  speech,  etymology,  defi- 
nitions, common  phrases  into  which  it  enters,  quotations 
illustrating  its  use,  synonyms,  cross  references  and  often 
pictures  or  diagrams.  (Compare  sections  163  to  170.) 

Sometimes  WORDS  SPELLED  ALIKE  are  different  parts 
of  speech  or  have  different  origins ;  for  instance :  — 

1.  desert',  noun  from  French  deservtr  meaning  to  merit. 

2.  des'ert,  noun  from  Latin  deserere,  to  desert. 

3.  des'ert,  adjective  from  Latin  deserere. 

4.  desert',  verb  transitive  from  Latin  deserere. 

5.  desert',  verb  intransitive  from  Latin  deserere. 

Each  of  these  forms  has  a  separate  heading  so  that  in 
looking  up  a  word  one  must  know  what  part  of  speech 
it  is.  The  part  of  speech  is  always  shown  by  an  abbre- 
viation such  as  "v.t."  for  "verb  transitive." 

Words  are  respelled  to  show  PRONUNCIATION.  A  key 
to  the  marks  of  pronunciation  is  printed  across  the 
bottom  of  each  pair  of  pages. 

The  ETYMOLOGY  gives  the  original  form  of  a  word, 
and  parallel  and  related  forms  in  English  and  other  lan- 
guages. It  is  not  given  with  every  word,  but  generally 
with  root  words  only.  For  instance,  for  the  etymology 
of  "fishy"  one  must  look  under  "fish." 

A  word  usually  has  several  definitions  including 
original,  dead,  old  and  everyday  meanings.  Each  defini- 
tion is  numbered  or  lettered,  and  arranged  in  some  regular 
order.  See  the  paragraph  DEFINITIONS  in  section  77. 

64.  Appendix.  —  Much  information,  especially  in 
regard  to  proper  names,  abbreviations,  signs  and  for- 
eign words,  is  often  found  not  in  the  body  of  the  dic- 
tionary, but  in  special  lists  in  the  appendix.  Just  what 
the  appendix  will  include  varies  in  different  dictionaries ; 


Reference  Books  41 

but  it  can  always  be  ascertained  in  any  particular  case 
by  consulting  the  dictionary's  table  of  contents.  An 
outline  of  the  contents  of  their  appendixes  is  given  in  the 
descriptive  notes  of  the  dictionaries  hereafter  named. 
Extracts  from  the  appendixes  of  various  dictionaries  are 
given  in  sections  166  and  169. 

With  geographical  proper  names  are  given  location, 
population,  area,  political  relations  and  other  facts  of 
interest  in  regard  to  places.  Names  of  real  persons  have 
nationality,  station  in  life,  profession  or  occupation,  and 
dates  of  birth  and  death.  Names  of  imaginary  persons 
and  characters  in  literature  have  brief  descriptions. 

65.  New   words.  —  A   supplement   of   new   words 
including  new  senses  of  old  words  is  also  sometimes 
found  as  part  of  or  in  addition  to  the  appendix. 

66.  Rules  for  using  the  dictionary.  —  Look  first 
for  any  word  in  the  body  of  the  dictionary.     If  it  is  not 
there,  read  over  the  table  of  contents  in  the  front,  espe- 
cially the  part  for  the  appendix,  to  see  if  there  is  any 
special  list  which  could  include  it.     Follow  up  all  abbre- 
viations, and  notice  cross  references. 

Abbreviations  used  in  the  dictionary  are  explained 
in  special  tables  or  notes  before  the  body  of  the  diction- 
ary and  before  each  special  list. 

At  the  top  of  each  page  are  printed  the  first  and  the 
last  word  defined  below. 

67.  Some  important  dictionaries.  —  The  preced- 
ing remarks  apply  particularly  to  the  latest  editions  of 
the  unabridged  Standard  and  Webster  dictionaries,  as 
the  student  is  likely  to  use  them  most.     In  the  follow- 
ing list,  the  Century  also  is  added;  but  the  student 
should  have  little  trouble  with  it  if  he  understands  the 
principle  of  using  the  others. 


42         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

68.  CENTURY  DICTIONARY  (1911).     12  volumes. 

Volumes  1-10.     Dictionary. 

Volume  11.     Cyclopedia  of  Names. 

Volume  12.     Atlas. 

In  the  Century  dictionary,  the  definitions  often  ap- 
proach encyclopedia  articles  in  their  length  and  fullness. 
The  etymologies  are  also  very  full.  Some  abbreviations 
and  foreign  phrases  are  included.  A  key  to  pronuncia- 
tion is  found  at  the  beginning  of  each  volume. 

See  specimen  extract,  section  163. 

69.  THE  CYCLOPEDIA  OF  NAMES  considers  proper 
names  of  all  kinds.    It  includes  names  found  in  geography, 
biography,  mythology,  history,  ethnology,  art,  archae- 
ology and   literature.     It  is  fullest  in  geography  and 
biography,  and  includes  persons  living  at  the   date   of 
publication,  (1911). 

See  specimen  extract,  section  164. 

70.  THE  CENTURY  ATLAS  contains  modern  maps  and 
a  small  section  of  historical  maps.     On  the  maps  are 
given  steamship  routes  and  cable  lines,  routes  of  dis- 
coverers and  explorers  and  dates  for  battlefields.     Two 
indexes  are  provided,  one  for  the  modern,  and  one  for 
the  historical  maps.     For  the  way  to  use  an  atlas  index, 
see  section  23. 

The  Atlas  has  been  revised  to  1911.  Earlier  editions 
of  it  are  practically  the  same  as  volume  34  of  the  tenth 
edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica. 

71.  In  the  1911  edition  of  the  Century  Dictionary, 
each  volume  except  the  Atlas  contains  a  main  part  and 
a  supplement.     One  must  often  therefore  look  for  infor- 
mation in  two  places  in  the  same  volume.     A  star  (*) 
before  an  item  in  the  main  part  means  that  additional 
information  is  found  in  the  supplement. 


Reference  Books  43 

72.  An  earlier  edition  of  this  dictionary  is  in  ten 
volumes.  This  was  enlarged  in  1910  by  a  supplement 
in  two  volumes  which  brought  the  information  in  the 
body  of  the  dictionary  and  the  Cyclopedia  of  Names 
down  to  that  date.  Users  of  this  particular  set  must 
often  therefore  consult  two  different  volumes  in  looking 
up  a  word. 

73.    STANDARD  DICTIONARY  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LAN- 
GUAGE. 

Contents:  —  Introductory:  Key  to  abbreviations  used 
in  the  dictionary,  key  to  pronunciation,  etc.  Standard 
Dictionary  of  the  English  Language:  Antonyms  are  a 
special  feature.  Addenda:  New  words.  Plates:  Coins, 
decorations  of  honor,  flags,  gems,  national  coats  of  arms, 
seals  of  the  United  States,  ship  signals,  solar  spectrum, 
etc.  Appendix:  Proper  names  of  all  kinds,  foreign 
words  and  phrases,  disputed  spellings  and  pronuncia- 
tions, abbreviations,  arbitrary  signs  and  symbols,  poeti- 
cal meanings  of  flowers  and  gems,  formation  of  the 
plurals  of  nouns,  pronunciation  of  Bible  proper  names, 
etc. 

See  the  specimen  extracts,  sections  168,  169. 

74.     NEW  STANDARD  DICTIONARY. 

This  is  a  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  the  Standard 
Dictionary.  It  differs  from  the  older  work  by  including 
in  the  body  of  the  dictionary  all  proper  names  and  abbre- 
viations formerly  in  special  lists  in  the  appendix.  Thus, 
there  is  usually  but  one  place  in  which  to  seek  a  word. 

Pronunciation  is  given  in  two  ways.  Each  word  is 
re-spelled  for  pronouncing  first  in  the  "revised  scientific 
alphabet,"  *  and  again  according  to  an  accepted  older 

1  See  p.  xxii  in  the  dictionary. 


44         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

system.  The  key  to  each  method  is  given  at  the  top  of 
each  pair  of  pages. 

See  the  specimen  extract,  section  170. 

The  appendix  still  contains  certain  lists  as  follows: 
Disputed  pronunciations,  rules  for  the  simplification  of 
spelling,  glossary  of  foreign  words,  phrases,  etc.,  statis- 
tics of  the  population  of  the  world,  and  a  history  of  the 
world  told  day  by  day.  The  foreign  phrases  are  those 
in  less  common  use,  every  day  expressions  being  found  in 
the  body  of  the  dictionary;  the  statistics  are  for  places 
in  the  United  States  of  over  one  thousand  inhabitants, 
and  for  the  more  important  places  of  other  countries; 
the  history  of  the  world  gives  under  each  day  of  the 
year  the  most  important  historical  events  which  have 
happened  on  that  date. 

75.  WEBSTER'S  INTERNATIONAL  DICTIONARY. 
Contents:  —  Colored  plates  preceding  title  page:  Flags, 

seals  and  coats  of  arms  of  the  principal  nations,  yacht, 
signal  and  pilot  flags,  etc.  Introductory:  Guide  to  pro- 
nunciation, words  spelled  in  two  or  more  ways,  abbre- 
viations used  in  the  dictionary,  etc.  Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language.  Appendix:  Metric  system,  names  of 
fictitious  persons  and  places,  gazetteer,  biographical 
dictionary,  pronunciation  of  Scripture  and  of  Greek 
and  Latin  proper  names,  English  Christian  names, 
quotations  from  foreign  languages,  abbreviations,  arbi- 
trary signs  used  in  writing  and  printing,  pictorial  illus- 
trations. Supplement  of  New  Words. 

See  the  specimen  extracts,  sections  165,  166. 

76.  WEBSTER'S  NEW  INTERNATIONAL  DICTIONARY. 
This  is  an  enlarged  revision  of  Webster's  International 

Dictionary,  from  which  it  differs  in  some  important 
particulars  of  arrangement. 


Reference  Books  45 

Each  page  in  the  body  of  the  dictionary  is  divided 
horizontally  by  a  heavy  black  line.  Above  this  line  are 
printed  words  in  general  use;  below  it  are  printed 
unusual  words,  foreign  phrases,  abbreviations,  many 
proper  names,  'etc.  The  appendix  still  has  the  gazetteer, 
biographical  dictionary,  arbitrary  signs  used  in  writing 
and  printing,  and  the  classified  selection  of  illustrations. 
Everything  else  has  been  put  into  the  body  of  the 
dictionary. 

There  is  a  great  deal  of  encyclopedic  information, 
much  more  than  in  the  International. 

See  the  specimen  extract,  section  167. 

77.  Comparison  of  the  dictionaries.  —  The  short 
extracts  which  are  given  in  the  appendix  of  this  Manual 
do  not  do  justice  to  any  of  the  dictionaries  represented. 
The  following  points  of  comparison,  though  not  all 
illustrated  by  the  selections,  should,  however,  be 
noted. 

Each  dictionary  has  its  own  system  of  PRONUN- 
CIATION. 

The  ETYMOLOGIES  are  fullest  in  the  Century  and 
briefest  in  the  Standard  and  New  Standard.  The  latter 
place  their  etymologies  after  instead  of  before  the 
definitions,  and  render  Greek  roots  by  English  instead 
of  by  Greek  letters. 

The  DEFINITIONS  in  the  Century  are  often  much  fuller 
than  those  in  the  other  dictionaries  mentioned,  and 
sometimes  equal  short  encyclopedia  articles.  The  Stand- 
ard and  New  Standard  differ  from  the  Century  and  the 
Webster  dictionaries  in  the  arrangement  of  definitions. 
In  the  latter  works  the  literal  or  original  meaning  comes 
first,  and  then  the  derived  and  figurative  meanings;  for 


46         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

instance,   in  the  New  International  the  word  "knave" 
from  Anglo-Saxon  cnafa  =  a  boy: 

1.  A  man  child;  a  boy.     Obs. 

2.  A  boy  servant,  hence,  a  male  servant  or  menial;  a  man  of 
humble  birth  or  position.     Archaic. 

3.  A  rogue. 

4.  A  playing  card  marked  with  the  figure  of  a  servant   or 

soldier;  a  jack. 

In  the  Standard  and  New  Standard,  the  common 
meaning  is  given  first;  thus  for  the  word  "knave":  — 

1.  A  rogue. 

2.  A  playing  card  on  which  is  pictured  a  servant  or  soldier. 
Called  also  jack. 

3.  A  familiar  friend. 

4.  A  boy,  especially  a  boy  servant;  also  a  male  servant. 

• 

Note  in  the  case  of  this  particular  word  that  each  , 
of  the  dictionaries  quoted  contains  a  meaning  which  is 
not  found  in  the  other. 

The  Standard  and  New  Standard  give  ANTONYMS  as 
well  as  synonyms  and  include  lists  of  TECHNICAL  TERMS 
connected  with  various  arts;  for  instance,  in  connection 
with  the  word  "baseball." 

The  Century  Cyclopedia  of  Names  gives  much  fuller 
explanations  than  do  the  lists  of  names  in  the  APPEN- 
DIXES of  the  other  dictionaries  to  which  lists  it  corre- 
sponds, but  does  not  include  minor  geographical  names 
such  as  those  of  counties  in  the  United  States,  which  are 
found  in  the  Century  Atlas.  The  list  of  Proper  Names 
in  the  appendix  of  the  Standard  limits  itself  as  regards 
living  persons  to  those  who  are  distinctly  famous.  . 

The  Century  is  least  satisfactory  for  ABBREVIATIONS 

and  FOREIGN  WORDS  AND  PHRASES. 


Reference  Books  47  , 

78.  Special  reference  books.  —  As  all  branches  of 
knowledge  as  a  whole  are  covered  by  the  general  encyclo- 
pedias, so  special  subjects  are  frequently  covered  by 
special  encyclopedias  or  dictionaries;  for  instance,  biog- 
raphy is    covered    by  Lippincott's   Pronouncing    Bio- 
graphical Dictionary,  and  sociology  is  covered  by  Bliss's 
New  Encyclopedia  of  Social  Reform.     The  articles  in 
special  reference  books  are  often  fuller  and  more  detailed 
than  in  the  general  encyclopedias.     For  subjects  which 
do  not  have  special  reference  books,  and  for  which  the 
general  encyclopedias  are  not  satisfactory,  the  maga- 
zines must  be  consulted  through  Poole's  Index  and  the 
Readers'  Guide.     See  the  following  chapter  on  Maga- 
zines. 

79.  Classified    list    of   some    special    reference 
books.  —  The  following  list  names  some  useful  reference 
books  likely  to  be  found  in  public  and  well  equipped 
high  school  libraries.     To  become  acquainted  with  others, 
consult  the  books  on  the  reference  shelves  of  the  school 
library  or  of  the  public  library,  using  as  a  guide  the  local 
scheme  of  classification.      (See  chapter  IV.) 

80.  Sociology.  —  Recent  information  on  social  move- 
ments must  be  sought  in  the  current  periodicals. 

BLISS.    NEW  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  SOCIAL  REFORM. 

Contains  articles  on  reforms,  reformers,  economics, 
sociology,  municipal  questions,  labor,  education  and 
statistics  relating  to  these  subjects. 

Gives  arguments  by  authorities  on  each  side  of  the 
questions  discussed;  hence,  it  is  particularly  useful  to 
debaters. 

81.  Statistics.  —  General  current  statistics  are  found 
in  the  New  International  Year  Book  and  the  Britannica 
Year  Book  as  well  as  in  the  books  named  below. 


48         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

STATESMAN'S  YEAR-BOOK. 

This  is  an  English  publication  brought  up  to  date 
every  year.  Contains  statistical  and  descriptive  infor- 
mation in  regard  to  all  the  countries  of  the  world,  such 
as  area,  population,  religion,  education,  justice  and 
crime,  pauperism,  finance,  national  defence,  production 
and  industry,  commerce,  shipping  and  navigation, 
internal  communication,  money  and  credit,  weights 
and  measures,  diplomatic  representatives,  charity,  reign- 
ing monarchs. 

The  contents  are  arranged  with  the  British  Empire 
first,  and  other  countries  following  alphabetically.  At 
the  end  of  each  country  are  mentioned  statistical  and 
other  books  of  reference  concerning  it.  Index. 

This  has  a  high  reputation  for  accuracy  and  is  the 
most  important  of  the  year-books. 

82.    WORLD  ALMANAC. 

Published  every  year.  Very  useful  for  all  sorts  of 
recent  statistics  and  information  in  brief.  Covers  astro- 
nomical facts  for  the  year  such  as  moons,  tides,  eclipses, 
etc.,  weights  and  measures,  agricultural  statistics,  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  government  of  the  United 
States,  naturalization  laws,  legislation,  events  of  the 
preceding  year,  politics,  societies  with  the  names  and 
addresses  of  their  officers,  sporting  records,  colleges  and 
universities  with  their  presidents,  athletics,  fraternities, 
etc.,  religious  denominations,  naval  statistics  of  the 
world,  foreign  governments,  population,  U.  S.  army, 
election  returns,  New  York  City.1  The  index  is  in  front. 

1  The  subjects  covered  vary  somewhat  from  year  to  year.     Those 
mentioned  are  found  in  the  volume  for  1911. 


Reference  Books  49 

83.  U.  S.  COMMERCE  DEPARTMENT.    STATISTICAL 

ABSTRACT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
This  is  published  each  year,  and  is  the  most  useful 
summary  of  statistics  relating  to  the  United  States. 
Contains  figures  relating  to  area,  natural  resources, 
population,  agriculture,  forestry,  fisheries,  manufac- 
turing, mining,  occupations,  labor,  wages,  transporta- 
tion, shipping,  commerce,  prices,  money,  banking, 
finance,  insurance,  army  and  navy,  and  monetary,  com- 
mercial and  financial  statistics  of  the  world. 

84.  U.  S.  CENSUS  BUREAU.    THIRTEENTH  CENSUS 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  .  .  .    ABSTRACT. 

Contains  in  condensed  form  the  principal  statistics  of 
the  1910  census  on  population  (except  occupation  statis- 
tics), agriculture,  manufactures  and  mining. 

It  gives  figures  for  the  United  States  as  a  whole  and 
for  the  different  states,  together  with  statistics  relating 
to  population  and  manufactures  for  the  principal  cities. 

A  special  edition  of  the  Abstract  with  a  supplement  of 
local  statistics  is  published  for  each  state,  the  District 
of  Columbia,  Alaska,  Hawaii  and  Porto  Rico. 

The  index  is  divided  into  four  parts,  thus:  Population, 
Agriculture,  Manufactures,  Mining.  The  supplement  is 
not  indexed ;  to  consult  it  one  must  use  the  general  table 
of  contents. 

85.  Government.  —  Recent    information    relating 
to  governments  and  politics  is  found  in  the  New  Inter- 
national  Year   Book,   the    Britannica    Year-Book,   the 
Statesman's  Year-Book,  and  the  World  Almanac. 

U.  S.  CONGRESS.     OFFICIAL  CONGRESSIONAL  DIREC- 
TORY. 
A  new  issue  is  published  at  the  beginning  of  each 


50         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

session  of  Congress.  Contains  names,  addresses  and 
records  of  congressmen,  names  and  addresses  of  govern- 
ment officials,  U.  S.  consuls,  foreign  consuls  in  the 
United  States,  membership  of  congressional  committees, 
official  duties  of  officers  of  the  executive  departments. 

86.  Archaeology.  — 

HARPER'S  DICTIONARY  OF  CLASSICAL  LITERATURE  AND 
ANTIQUITIES. 

Includes  Greek  and  Roman  antiquities,  biography, 
geography,  history,  literature,  mythology,  with  biblio- 
graphic references,  illustrations  and  maps.  Subjects  are 
entered  under  their  Latin  or  Greek  names  with  cross 
references  from  the  corresponding  English  names.  But 
when  the  Greek  or  Latin  name  resembles  the  English 
one,  as  gladiator es  (gladiators),  Athena  (Athens),  the 
English  name  is  not  given. 

87.  Biography.  — 

LIPPINCOTT'S  BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 

It  aims  at  bringing  the  record  of  noted  persons  down 
to  the  end  of  the  Nineteenth  Century,  and  covers  his- 
toric persons,  biblical  and  mythological  characters,  with 
the  pronunciation  of  names.  The  best  general  bio- 
graphical reference  book. 

88.  DICTIONARY  OF  NATIONAL  BIOGRAPHY;  INDEX 

AND  EPITOME. 

Contains  very  short  biographical  outlines  of  English- 
men no  longer  living.  It  is  condensed  from  the  great 
Dictionary  of  National  Biography  in  66  volumes  (and 
Supplement)  by  Stephen  and  Lee,  for  which  it  serves  as 
index. 


Reference  Books  51 

A  similar  Index  and  Epitome  is  also  published  for  the 
second  supplement  of  the  Dictionary  of  National  Biog- 
raphy. 

89.  WHO'S  WHO. 

Published  every  year.  Gives  briefly  facts  of  general 
interest  about  prominent  living  persons  chiefly  English 
and  American,  but  especially  English.  Tells  for  each 
individual  the  facts  of  date  and  place  of  birth,  where 
educated,  official  positions  held,  marriage,  books  written, 
club  memberships,  favorite  amusements,  present  address, 
etc. 

90.  WHO'S  WHO  IN  AMERICA. 

Published  every  two  years.  Contains  condensed 
sketches  of  prominent  living  Americans  and  of  persons 
connected  with  American  affairs.  The  information  given 
is  of  the  sort  found  in  Who's  Who.  Beginning  with  the 
volume  for  1908-09,  there  is  a  geographic  index,  which 
groups  all  the  names  in  the  book  by  states,  cities  and 
post  office  addresses.  This  makes  it  easy  to  find  what 
persons  are  prominent  in  a  given  place. 

91.  Geography.  — 

LIPPINCOTT'S  NEW  GAZETTEER. 

Geographical  dictionary  of  the  world  containing  in- 
formation respecting  countries,  cities,  towns,  resorts, 
islands,  rivers,  mountains,  seas,  lakes,  etc.,  in  every 
portion  of  the  globe.  Alphabetically  arranged,  with 
pronunciation  and  various  spellings  of  names. 

The  most  comprehensive  American  work  of  its  kind. 

92.  Atlases.  — 

There  is  not  at  present  (1914)  in  print  any  perfectly 
satisfactory  general  atlas  for  American  students.  The 


52         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

Century  Atlas  published  as  part  of  the  Century  Dic- 
tionary is  probably  the  most  satisfactory  for  general 
use.  See  section  70. 

93.  RAND,  MCNALLY  &  Co.    LIBRARY  ATLAS  OF 

THE  WORLD.     2  volumes. 

Volume  I.     United  States. 

Volume  II.     Foreign  countries. 

A  general  atlas  with  maps  on  a  larger  scale  than  the 
Century. 

The  volume  for  the  United  States  has  many  large 
scale  maps  of  cities.  In  this  volume,  each  map  is  accom- 
panied by  a  separate  index,  and  each  index  is  divided 
into  several  separate  lists.  Thus,  the  index  to  the  map 
of  Ohio  is  divided  into  lists  of  counties,  creeks,  islands, 
rivers,  towns,  etc. 

The  volume  on  foreign  countries  has  a  general  index 
of  its  own. 

The  names  of  countries,  cities,  towns,  etc.,  are  accom- 
panied in  the  indexes  by  figures  of  population. 

94.  STIELER'S  ATLAS  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHY. 
An  excellent  general  atlas  adapted  from  the  German 

for  the  English-speaking  public.  A  little  less  than  one- 
half  the  atlas  is  devoted  to  Europe.  The  land  is  shown 
in  relief,  heights  and  depths  being  given  in  meters. 
On  the  large  scale  maps,  the  spelling  of  place-names 
adopted  is  that  of  the  country,  for  instance,  names  in 
the  United  States  appear  in  their  English  form,  names 
in  France  in  French,  etc.  On  the  small  scale  maps 
the  forms  of  names  are  German.  Explanations  of  signs, 
abbreviations,  etc.,  are  given  on  the  back  of  each  map 
in  English  as  well  as  in  French,  Italian  and  Spanish. 

There  is  a  very  full  alphabetical  index  which  is  some- 
times difficult  to  use  as  German  forms  of  names  are 


Reference  Books  53 

employed  when  they  exist,  for  instance,  France  is  indexed 
as  Frankreich. 

95.  A  useful,  small  atlas  with  an  index,  is  Cassell's 
Atlas  by  J.  G.  Bartholomew. 

96.  For  history  study,  an  excellent  atlas  is  Shep- 
herd's   Historical   Atlas.     Two   useful    small    historical 
atlases  are  Bartholomew's  Literary  and  Historical  Atlas 
of  Europe,  and  his  Literary  and  Historical    Atlas    of 
America.     Besides  maps  of  historic  periods  each  of  these 
contains  plans  of  notable  battles,  maps  of  districts  con- 
nected with  famous  authors  and  books,   and  a  short 
gazetteer  of  places  of  historic  interest. 

97.  When  the  index  of  an  atlas  is  poor  or  compli- 
cated, it  is  sometimes  quickest  to  locate  first  the  coun- 
try or  state  in  which  a  town  belongs,  by  using  a  gazet- 
teer, the  dictionary  or  the  encyclopedia.     Next,  consult 
the  atlas's  table  of  contents  to  find  the  map  of  the  state 
or  country.     Locate  the  town  on  the  map  by  the  latitude 
and  longitude  or  other  description  of  location  given  in 
the  gazetteer. 

98.  Useful  Arts. 

HOPKINS.     SCIENTIFIC   AMERICAN    CYCLOPEDIA    OF 

FORMULAS. 

Contains  15,000  receipts  and  formulas  used  in  the 
trades,  arts  and  household.  It  covers  such  subjects  as 
inks,  vermin  exterminators,  dyes,  bleaches,  garment 
cleaning,  photographic  formulas,  extracts,  syrups,  bronz- 
ing and  gilding.  Index. 

99.  BAILEY.    CYCLOPEDIA  OF  AMERICAN  AGRICUL- 

TURE.    4  volumes. 

Volume  I.     Farms.     Volume  III.     Animals. 
Volume  II.     Crops.     Volume  IV.     Farms    and    com- 
munity. 


54         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

To  use  this  work,  one  must  decide  in  which  volume 
the  answer  to  his  question  is  likely  to  be  found,  and  then 
consult  the  index  of  that  volume.  For  instance, "Horses" 
must  be  looked  for  in  the  index  of  volume  III  on  "Ani- 
mals." 

100.  BAILEY.    CYCLOPEDIA  OF  AMERICAN  HORTI- 

CULTURE^   4  volumes. 

Describes  the  fruits,  flowers  and  garden  vegetables 
found  in  the  markets  of  North  America,  and  discusses 
their  cultivation.  The  arrangement  is  alphabetical. 

101.  FREEMAN  AND  CHANDLER.    WORLD'S  COM- 

MERCIAL PRODUCTS. 

An  English  work  descriptive  of  the  economic  plants 
of  the  world  and  of  their  commercial  uses.  Handsomely 
illustrated.  Index  is  not  thorough. 

102.  TOOTHAKER.      COMMERCIAL  RAW  MATERIALS. 

Briefly  descriptive  of  origin,  processes  of  preparation 
and  uses  of  the  most  important  commercial  materials. 
Differs  from  Freeman  and  Chandler  by  including  mate- 
rials of  animal  and  mineral  origin,  and  by  greater  con- 
ciseness. Has  maps  showing  the  distribution  of  various 
products.  Index. 

103.  WARD.     GROCER'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA. 
Descriptive  information  on  food  products  and  other 

articles  found  in  grocery  stores.  Written  for  grocers 
and  general  storekeepers,  but  useful  to  students  of 
domestic  science  and  commercial  geography. 

104.  For  much  information  on  industries  and  pro- 
ducts the  student  must  consult  special  readers  such  as 

1  A  new  edition  of  this  work  is  being  published  (1914)  in  six  vol- 
umes under  the  title  of  the  Standard  Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture. 


Reference  Books  55 

Rocheleau's    Great    American    Industries,    Carpenter's 
Foods,  or  How  the  World  is  Fed,  etc. 

105.  Literature.  - 

BARTLETT.     FAMILIAR  QUOTATIONS. 

A  collection  of  passages,  phrases  and  proverbs  in 
prose  and  poetry  traced  to  their  sources  in  ancient  and 
modern  literature.  The  quotations  are  grouped  under 
authors,  and  authors  are  arranged  by  date  of  birth. 

It  has  at  the  front  an  index  of  authors  quoted,  and 
at  the  back  an  index  of  important  words.  To  use  it, 
look  in  the  index  at  the  back  for  some  important  or 
striking  word  in  the  quotation  which  you  have  in  mind ; 
or  if  you  wish  to  find  an  appropriate  quotation  for  some 
occasion,  look  in  the  same  index  for  suggestive  words. 
For  the  latter  purpose,  Hoyt's  Cyclopedia  of  Practical 
Quotations  is  easier  to  use.  (See  section  22.) 

106.  BREWER.   DICTIONARY  OF  PHRASE  AND  FABLE. 

This  is  useful  in  explaining  allusions  met  with  in 
reading.  Contains:  Unusual  abbreviations,  names  and 
anecdotes  of  persons,  mythological  characters,  char- 
acters in  fiction,  curious  phrases,  pseudonyms,  outlines 
of  plots  and  stories,  proverbs  explained,  sobriquets, 
legends  and  an  appendix1  with  a  list  of  English  authors 
and  their  works. 

107.  BREWER.     READER'S  HANDBOOK. 

Allusions,  references,  plots  and  stories.  Useful  in 
much  the  same  way  as  the  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and 
Fable. 

1  Not  in  earlier  editions. 


56         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

108.  CHAMBERS'  CYCLOPEDIA  OF  ENGLISH  LITER- 

ATURE.    3  volumes. 

Contains  sketches  and  criticisms  of  British  and  Ameri- 
can authors  with  short  characteristic  selections  from 
their  works. 

Authors  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  their  date. 
Index  in  the  third  volume. 

109.  MOULTON.    LIBRARY  OF  LITERARY  CRITICISM 

OF  ENGLISH  AND  AMERICAN  AUTHORS.    8 
volumes. 

Criticisms  from  the  writings  of  eminent  critics  on  the 
works  of  authors  from  the  beginnings  of  English  litera- 
ture to  1904. 

Authors  are  considered  in  the  order  of  their  dates. 
The  information  for  any  particular  author  is  generally 
arranged  thus:  (1)  biographical  outline;  (2)  personal; 
(3)  criticism  of  specific  works;  (4)  general  criticism. 

Under  any  specific  heading  such  as  "Snow-bound," 
the  extracts  quoted  are  arranged  in  the  order  of  their 
writing. 

Volume  8  has  a  general  index  to  the  authors  criticised, 
and  a  general  index  to  criticisms  under  the  names  of  the 
critics. 

110.  STEDMAN    &    HUTCHINSON.       LIBRARY    OF 

AMERICAN  LITERATURE.     11  volumes. 

Characteristic  examples  of  American  literature  from 
its  beginnings  down  to  1889. 

Authors  are  arranged  in  order  of  their  dates.  Volume  11 
includes  short  sketches  of  authors,  a  list  of  noted  say- 
ings of  Americans,  and  a  general  index. 


Reference  Books  57 

In  the  index,  topics  are  often  grouped  under  general 
heads;  thus,  for  the  poem  "The  Raven,"  one  must  look 
under  the  heading  Poetry.  Some  other  general  headings 
are  Biography,  Criticism,  Fiction,  History,  Noted  say- 
ings and  War. 

,111.     WARNER.     LIBRARY  OF  THE  WORLD'S  BEST 
LITERATURE.    30  volumes. 

Contains:  Volumes  1-27:  Biographical  and  critical 
sketches,  and  selections.  Volume  28:  Songs,  hymns  and 
lyrics.  Volume  29:  Biographical  dictionary  of  authors, 
including  many  not  represented  in  the  selections.  Vol- 
ume 30:  Synopses  of  noted  books;  general  index. 
Authors  from  every  country  are  included. 

The  material  in  volumes  1-27  is  arranged  alpha- 
betically by  the  names  of  the  authors  represented.  The 
general  index,  volume  30,  is  the  key  to  the  entire  work. 

The  best  compilation  of  the  kind.  The  selections  have 
been  well  made;  the  biographical  and  critical  sketches 
are  by  eminent  scholars  and  writers,  and  are  signed ;  and 
portraits  and  illustrations  are  useful  features. 

Useful  for  those  who  wish  to  get  some  knowledge  of 
an  author's  writings  without  reading  his  entire  works. 

112.     History.  - 

HARPER'S  BOOK  OF  FACTS. 

An  alphabetically  arranged  encyclopedia  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  world  covering  government,  science,  art  and 
literature.  Information  concise;  lists  of  rulers  and 
chronological  tables  of  events  under  the  names  of 
countries.  Few  biographical  items;  persons  are  men- 
tioned as  a  rule  only  in  the  articles  on  the  places,  events, 
etc.,  with  which  they  were  connected. 


58         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

113.  HAYDN'S  DICTIONARY  OF  DATES. 

A  standard  work  of  reference  giving  concisely  his- 
torical facts  on  all  subjects.  The  arrangement  is  alpha- 
betical. A  chronological  outline  of  the  history  of  a  sub- 
ject often  accompanies  an  article. 

There  are  no  biographical  articles;  persons  are 
alluded  to  only  in  connection  with  the  events  in  which 
they  took  part.  To  find  an  allusion  to  a  person,  one 
must  use  the  index  which  gives  the  names  of  the  events, 
etc.,  with  which  he  was  connected;  thus  for  George 
Washington,  one  is  referred  to  the  articles  "United 
States,"  "Yorktown"  and  "Virginia." 

More  comprehensive  than  Harper's  Book  of  Facts, 
but  sometimes  not  so  strong  on  United  States  history. 

114.  LARNED.    HISTORY  FOR  READY  REFERENCE. 

7  volumes. 

Extracts  from  the  writings  of  the  best  historians, 
biographers  and  specialists,  to  illustrate  the  history  of 
all  countries  and  times.  It  gives  the  exact  words  of  the 
writers  quoted.  The  arrangement  is  alphabetic  by 
country,  event,  etc.,  and  under  place  is  in  order  of  time. 
An  event  is  generally  described  under  the  name  of  the 
country  with  a  cross  reference  from  the  name  of  the 
event,  thus:  Samnite  Wars,  The,  See  Rome:  B.C.  343- 
290.  Volumes  6  and  7  are  devoted  to  recent  history  from 
1894  to  1910. 

115.  HARPER'S  ENCYCLOPEDIA  OF  UNITED  STATES 

HISTORY.     10  volumes. 

The  most  extensive  cyclopedia  of  the  subject,  includ- 
ing many  biographical  articles  and  texts  of  famous 
speeches,  resolutions,  proclamations,  facsimiles  of  im- 


Reference  Books  59 

portant  documents,   etc.     Articles   are  by  well-known 
historians  and  writers. 

116.    Low  AND   PULLING.    DICTIONARY   OF  ENG- 
LISH HISTORY. 

Events,  persons  and  institutions  connected  with  Eng- 
lish history  arranged  alphabetically.  Index. 

NOTE.  Different  editions  of  the  books  mentioned  above  have  been 
noted  only  when  a  revision  or  enlargement  would  affect  the  manner  of 
using  a  work. 


Chapter  VI 
Magazines 

117.  Magazines  in  general.  —  Magazines  or  peri- 
odicals are  publications  issued  usually  at  regular  intervals, 
commonly  either  of  a  week,  as  the  Outlook,  or  of  a  month, 
as  the  Review  of  Reviews.     Every  year  or  six  months 
or   other   convenient   period,    a   volume   is   completed, 
and  for  many  magazines   an   index   to   that  volume  is 
published.      Each   number   of   most   periodicals   has   a 
table  of  contents  which   for  any  particular  magazine 
is  usually  in  the  same  place.     In  the  Outlook,  it  comes 
just  before  the  general  reading  matter;  in  the  Scientific 
American  Supplement,  it  is  in  a  corner  of  the  last  page. 

The  better  magazines  give  the*  latest  thought  and 
news  of  the  world,  and  bring  down  to  date  the  material 
found  in  books.  Special  subjects  often  have  special 
magazines  devoted  to  them;  for  instance,  for  education 
there  is  the  Educational  Review. 

Magazine  articles  are  often  by  authorities  and  then 
may  be  of  great  value.  They  are  useful  for  giving  short 
accounts  of  subjects,  and  are  of  great  help  when  reference 
books  fail.  Sometimes,  however,  they  are  too  short 
to  be  thorough;  and  in  the  case  of  the  cheaper  popular 
magazines  are  sometimes  sketchy  and  sensational. 

118.  Book  reviews.  —  Many  magazines  have  regular 
departments  for  reviewing  books.    For  reviews  of  books 
of  general  and  literary  interest,  consult  the  reviews  and 
the  literary  magazines.     For  the  best  reviews  of  books 


Magazines  61 

on  special  subjects,  consult  the  magazines  which  are 
devoted  to  those  subjects;  for  instance,  for  reviews 
of  books  on  education  see  the  Educational  Review,  etc. 
Many  daily  papers  also  have  weekly  reviews  of  books. 
The  habit  of  glancing  over  book  reviews  is  valuable 
not  only  for  the  learning  of  new  books  which  one  may 
wish  to  read,  but  also  because  of  the  side  lights  which 
good  reviews  often  throw  on  history,  literature,  or  the 
affairs  of  the  day. 

119.  Periodical    Indexes.1  —  To  get   at    ordinary 
magazine  material,  one  must  use  the  general  periodical 
indexes    known    as    Poole's    Index   and    the    Readers' 
Guide.     Technical   magazines   are   covered   by    special 
indexes  such  as  the  Engineering  Index  and  the  Industrial 
Arts  Index,  which  will  not  be  described  here. 

120.  Poole's  Index. — The  "Poole"  series  of  indexes 
index  important  American  and  British  periodicals  from 
1802  to  and  including  1910  as  follows:  — 

Poole's  Index,  2  volumes,  1802-1881. 

Supplements,  published  every  five  years,  1882-1906. 

These  are  continued  by  the  Annual  Library  Index, 
1907-1910. 

Articles  are  indexed  under  subjects,  excepting  that 
stories  are  entered  under  titles.  The  arrangement  is 
alphabetical.  There  are  few  cross  references.  The 
Annual  Library  Index  also  indexes  under  the  names  of 
authors. 

There  is  an  abridged  edition  of  Poole's  Index  in  one 
volume  which  covers  thirty-seven  magazines  from  1815 
to  1899,  and  has  a  supplementary  volume  from  1900  to 
1904. 

1  The  periodical  indexes  are  here  regarded  as  keys  to  magazine  mate- 
rial only. 


62          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

121.  Specimen  entries  from  Poole's  Index.— 

Ice-yacht,  How  to  build.     (E.  A.  Terhune.) 

Outing  45:  633. 
How  to  sail.     (J.  A.  Roosevelt.) 

Outing  43:  608. 
Icebergs,  The  Peril  of  the.     (P.  T.  McGrath.) 

McClure25:  115. 
Iceland.     (Arch.  Geikie.)    Nature  65:  367. 

-  Book  collections  in.    Lib.  J.  29:  17. 
Conversion  of.    (E.  E.  Kellett.) 

Quar.  204:  276. 

Note  that  the  title  is  inverted  when  necessary  so  as 
to  bring  the  name  of  the  subject  first. 

122.  The  Readers'  Guide.  —  The  Readers'  Guide 
indexes  periodicals  from   1900  to  date.     It  includes  a 
few  popular  magazines  not  found  in  Poole,  such  as  the 
Delineator  and  a  few  important  government  publica- 
tions,  such   as   the   Yearbook   of   the    Department   of 
Agriculture.     It  does  not  index'  as  many  periodicals  as 
Poole. 

It  is  published  monthly.  At  regular  intervals  it 
"cumulates,"  thus:  The  number  for  the  third  month 
of  each  quarter  (March,  June,  September  and  Decem- 
ber), in  addition  to  the  ordinary  entries  for  that  month, 
contains  all  the  entries  for  the  previous  months  of  the 
year,  all  arranged  together  alphabetically.  Furthermore, 
the  number  for  the  second  month  of  each  quarter  in- 
cludes the  entries  for  the  first  month  of  that  quarter; 
for  instance,  the  February  number  includes  the  items 
for  January  as  well  as  for  February.  The  December 
number  forms  the  annual  volume.  Every  five  years 
the  annual  volumes  are  cumulated  into  a  single  large 
volume  with  all  the  items  in  one  alphabet.  Two  five- 
yearly  volumes  have  thus  far  been  issued  (1900-1904, 


Magazines  63 

and  1905-1909).  Articles  are  indexed  by  their  subjects, 
authors,  and  occasionally  by  their  titles,  and  there  are 
cross  references. 

123.  Specimen  entries  from  the  Readers'  Guide. 

Mosque,  In  the  shadow  of  the  blue.     Blackw.  184:  590-2. 

O.;  Same.     Liv.  Age.  259:  779-81.    D.  26,  '08. 
Mothers. 

For  the  suppression  of  mothers.     F.  Pier.     Harp.  W.  52: 

29.     D.  26,  '08. 
Mistakes  of  young  mothers.    J.  P.  C.  Griffith.    Good  H.  48: 

82-6.     Ja.  '09. 
Motor  cycles. 

Interesting  motor  cycle.    A.  H.  J.  Keane.    il.    Sci.  Am.  99: 

474.     D.  26,  '08. 
Rise  of  the  motor  cycle.    A.  H.  Bartsch.    il.    Harp.  W.  53: 

24-5.     Ja.  2,  '09. 
Mott,  Howard  Schenck. 

Growing  importance  of  copper.    Harp.  W.  52:  28.    D.  19, 

'08. 

Union  Pacific  report.     Harp.  W.  52:  30.     D.  26,  '08. 
Moulding.     See  Casting. 
Moulton,  Richard  Green,  1849-. 

Milton  as  the  greatest  of  Englishmen.    Univ.  Chic.  M.  1: 
88-95.    Ja.  '09. 

124.  The    Readers'     Guide     Supplement.  - 

This  indexes  general  periodicals  not  included  in  the 
Readers'  Guide.1  The  magazines  are  of  a  less  popular 
nature  and  less  likely  to  be  found  in  the  small  library.  It 
appears  every  two  months  2  and  cumulates  with  each 
number,  so  that  the  latest  number  contains  all  the  entries 
for  the  year  up  to  the  date  of  its  issue.  The  arrange- 
ment and  the  manner  of  use  are  the  same  as  in  the 
Readers'  Guide. 

125.  Magazine  Subject-Index.  —  There  is  another 
general    index,  the  Magazine  Subject- Index,  first  pub- 

1  Including  a  number  of  periodicals  formerly  indexed  in  Poole. 
1  Omitting  the  July  number. 


64         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

lished  in  1908,  which  covers  magazines  not  included  in 
Poole  or  the  Readers'  Guide.  It  is  continued  yearly  by 
the  Annual  Magazine  Subject-Index.  Since  Poole 
ceased  publication  it  has  added  many  of  the  periodicals 
formerly  indexed  in  that  series.  It  is  less  important 
than  Poole's  Index  and  the  Readers'  Guide,  and  will 
not  be  available  except  in  larger  libraries. 

126.  How  to  use  magazine  indexes.  —  In  either 
Poole's  Index  or  the  Readers'  Guide,  look  for  the  name 
of  the  subject  wanted  as  in  the  index  of  an  ordinary 
book.  Work  methodically;  for  instance,  begin  at  the 
latest  number  or  volume  and  work  back,  or  choose  some 
date  and  work  forward  from  it.  The  names  of  the 
magazines  indexed  and  a  key  to  their  abbreviations 
are  found  in  the  front  of  any  number  or  volume. 

Make  a  list  of  the  references  which  you  wish  to  look 
up,  as  you  come  to  them,  and  hand  the  list  to  the 
librarian  to  have  the  volumes  got  out.  Each  item  on 
the  list  should  include  the  name  of  the  magazine,  the 
volume  number  and  the  page  number.  Recommended 
form  for  list :  — 


Motor  Cycles, 


Sci.  Am.   99:474. 
Harp.  W.  53:24-5. 


Magazines  65 

In  making  a  long  list,  especially  if  for  future  reference, 
use  cards  3x5  inches  in  size.  Make  a  note  of  one 
reference  only  on  each  card,  thus:  — 


Interesting  motor  cycles.     A.  J.  H.  Keane. 
Sci.   Am.   99:474.     D.26, '08. 


To  make  from  the  cards  a  list  of  volumes  for  the 
librarian  to  get,  arrange  the  cards  in  alphabetical  order 
by  the  names  of  the  magazines,  and  write  out  the  list 
on  a  sheet  of  paper.  If  a  volume  is  of  the  current  year, 
give  the  date  instead  of  the  volume  number.  Thus:  — 


Char.   18,   20. 

Harp.   B.   30,   40,   42,   43. 

Sci.  Am.  Ap.8, '11. 


66         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

127.  List  of  magazines.  —  The  following  list  in- 
cludes the  names  of  some  useful  magazines  likely  to  be 
found  in  the  public  library.    Where  there  are  several 
branches  of   the  public  library,  not  all   the  magazines 
named  may  be  found  in  any  one  branch,  but  many  will 
be  found  in  the  larger  branches  or  in  the  main  library. 
The  back  numbers  of  many  are  often  bound  into  vol- 
umes and  are  available  for  reference. 

Many  magazines  may  be  borrowed  from  the  public 
library  either  in  bound  volumes  or  separate  numbers. 
To  learn  which  these  are,  inquire  at  the  library. 

128.  To  save  space  the  following  abbreviations  are 
used  in  the  list:    B.  =  book  reviews;   M.  =  published 
monthly;   P.  =  indexed  in  Poole's  Index;   R.  =  indexed 
in  the  Readers'  Guide;    W.  =  published  weekly.     Book 
reviews  are  not  noted  when  unimportant. 

129.  General    popular    magazines.  —   Popular 
articles  on  subjects  of  general  interest  including  litera- 
ture,   social    reform,    politics,    art,    science,    biography, 
travel,  etc.,  stories  and  poems. 

AMERICAN    MAGAZINE.     (M.   P.   R.)  —  ATLANTIC 
MONTHLY.     (M.  P.  R.,)  —  CENTURY.     (M.  P.  R.)  - 
EVERYBODY'S  MAGAZINE.     (M.  P.  R.  B.)  —  HARPER'S 
MAGAZINE.      (M.  P.  R.)  -  -  MCCLURE'S   MAGAZINE. 
(M.  P.  R.)  —  SCRIBNER'S  MAGAZINE.     (M.  P.  R.) 

Of  these  magazines,  the  Atlantic  has  probably  the 
most  consistently  high  literary  standard  and  appeals 
particularly  to  the  more  serious  reader.  It  has  no  illus- 
trations. The  Century,  Harper's  and  Scribner's  are  of 
about  equal  rank  with  one  another,  are  generally  well 
written  and  well  illustrated,  and  are  widely  popular. 
The  American,  Everybody's  and  McClure's  pay  par- 
ticular attention  to  questions  of  reform  and  are  some- 
times inclined  to  be  sensational. 


Magazines  67 

130.  Reviews.  —  Same  range  of  subjects  as  in  the 
general  magazines,  but  handled  more  seriously.    Strong 
articles  by  authorities  are  to  be  found  on  political  and 
social  reforms  and  industrial  questions;   little  attention 
to  light  literature.      Book   reviews  of  important  new 
books. 

FORUM.  (M.  P.  R.)  —  LIVING  AGE.  (W.  P.  R.  B.) 
Reprints  of  the  best  articles  in  British  periodicals.— 
NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW.  (M.  R.  P.  B.) 

131.  Sociology.  —  SURVEY,    formerly     CHARITIES 
AND  THE  COMMONS.    (W.  R.  P.  B.)    Social  reform. 

132.  Education.  —  Magazines  for  teachers.      Book 
reviews  are  confined  to  educational  books. 

EDUCATIONAL  REVIEW.  (M.  R.  P.  B.).  College  and 
high  school  education.  MANUAL  TRAINING  MAGAZINE. 
(Bi-M.  R.  B.)  Includes  drawings  of  work.  —  SCHOOL 
REVIEW.  (M.  P.  R.  B.)  Secondary  education;  lists 
current  educational  literature  in  other  periodicals. 

133.  Popular  Science.  — Popular  illustrated ,  usually 
descriptive    articles    on    the    applications    of    science; 
especially  interesting  to  boys  and  young  men. 

POPULAR  ELECTRICITY.  (M.)  Electricity  and  its 
applications ;  directions  for  making  amateur  apparatus. — 
POPULAR  MECHANICS.  (M.)  Articles  and  numerous 
short  items  on  mechanical  subjects;  shop  notes.  — 
SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN.  (W.  R.  B.)  Aims  "to  record 
accurately,  simply  and  interestingly  the  world's  progress 
in  scientific  knowledge  and  industrial  achievement." 
-  SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN  •  SUPPLEMENT.  (W.  R.) 
Covers  much  the  same  ground  as  the  Scientific  Ameri- 
can, but  with  longer  and  more  technical  articles  and 
fewer  news  features.  — TECHNICAL  WORLD  MAGAZINE. 
(M.  R.) 


68          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

134.  Useful  Arts.  —  Practical  and  descriptive  articles 
for  the    mechanic    and   shop  worker,    illustrated    with 
photographs,    diagrams,    working    drawings,    etc.,    are 
frequently  included  among  other  matter. 

AMERICAN  CARPENTER  AND  BUILDER.  (M.)  Car- 
pentry, house  planning  and  building  construction.  — 
AMERICAN  MACHINIST.  (W.)  Machine  construction 
and  machine  shop  work.  —  AUTOMOBILE.  (W.)  — 
ELECTRICAL  REVIEW  AND  WESTERN  ELECTRICIAN. 
(W.  B.)  —  ELECTRICAL  WORLD.  (W.  B.)  General 
electrical  journal.  —  FOUNDRY.  (M.)  —  MACHINERY.. 
(M.  B.)  Machine  construction  and  shop  work.  — 
POWER.  (M.)  —  Power  plant  engineering.  —  PRINTING 
ART.  (M.)  General  and  artistic  printing;  examples  of 
color  work. 

135.  Domestic  Science.  —  Practical  articles  for  the 
housekeeper;      care     of     children,     clothing,     cookery, 
household  hints,  stories. 

BOSTON  COOKING  SCHOOL  MAGAZINE.  (M.)  Chiefly 
cookery.  —  DELINEATOR.  (M.  R.  )  —  GOOD  HOUSE- 
KEEPING. (M.  R.)  —  LADIES'  HOME  JOURNAL.  (M. 
R.)  —  WOMAN'S  HOME  COMPANION  (M.  R.) 

136.  Fine  Arts.  —  Art  and  its  application  for  the 
student  of  art  and  the  general  reader. 

CRAFTSMAN.  (M.  P.  R.) — Arts  and  crafts.  Largely 
devoted  to  artistic  home-making  and  furnishing.  —  IN- 
TERNATIONAL STUDIO.  (M.  P.  R.  B.)  Many  illustra- 
tions of  works  of  art,  including  some  in  color. 

137.  Sports.  —  OUTING  MAGAZINE.     (M.   P.   R.) 
Devoted  chiefly  to  outdoor  sports  and  vacation  travel. 

138.  Literature.  —  News,  criticism  and  discussion 
of  books  and  authors,  and  careful  book  reviews. 


Magazines  69 

BOOKMAN.  (M.  P.  R.  B.)  Includes  news  and  criti- 
cism of  the  drama.  —  DIAL.  (Semi-M.  R.  P.  B.) 
NATION.  (W.  R.  P.  B.)  Includes  editorial  articles 
on  questions  of  the  day. 

139.  Geography. — NATIONAL  GEOGRAPHIC  MAGA- 
ZINE.   (M.  P.  R.)    Descriptive,  finely  illustrated  articles 
on  different  lands,   peoples  and   customs;    travel   and 
exploration;     natural    resources,    etc.     Interesting   and 
reliable. 

140.  Current  History.  —  Current  events  at  home 
and  abroad  surveyed  usually  with  editorial  comment; 
illustrated   popular  articles  on  subjects  of  immediate 
public  interest. 

COLLIER'S  NATIONAL  WEEKLY.  (W.  R.)  Pictorial; 
light;  aggressive. — CURRENT  EVENTS.  (W.)  Con- 
densed news  of  the  world  without  comment.  —  CURRENT 
OPINION.  (W.  R.)  News  and  comment  largely  quoted 
or  summarized  from  periodicals  and  newspapers.  — 
HARPER'S  WEEKLY.  (W.  R.).  Pictorial;  light;  stories 
and  humor;  conservative  on  public  questions.  —  INDE- 
PENDENT. (W.  P.  R.  B.)  —  LITERARY  DIGEST.  (W. 
B.  R.)  Extracts  from  United  States  and  foreign  periodicals 
and  newspapers  compiled  without  comment.  —  OUT- 
LOOK. (W.  P.  R.  B.)  Popular;  progressive.  Editorials 
are  always  worthy  of  attention  but  not  always  impartial. 
-  REVIEW  OF  REVIEWS,  full  title,  American  Review  of 
Reviews.  (M.P.  R.B.)  Special  features ;  Chronological 
record  of  the  month's  events ;  current  cartoons ;  summaries 
of  leading  articles  in  other  periodicals.  Strong  on 
public  questions.  —  SATURDAY  EVENING  POST.  (W.) 
Popular;  light;  fiction  of  very  uneven  quality ;  of  ten  use- 
ful in  debate  work  on  politics  and  sociology,  but  reflects 
rather  than  criticises  public  opinion.  —  WORLD'S  WORK. 


70  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

(M.  P.  R.)  Remarkable  for  its  excellent  illustrations, 
and  critical  comment  of  news  of  the  day.  Interesting 
special  articles. 

140a.  General  Note  on  Magazines. — A  magazine 
may  vary  more  or  less  from  year  to  year  in  the  quality 
or  in  the  nature  of  its  contents,  and  sometimes,  as  in 
the  case  of  a  change  of  ownership,  it  may  change  its 
character  completely.  Magazines  devoted  to  the  dis- 
cussion of  current  events  and  the  public  questions,  like 
newspapers,  are  likely  to  reflect  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent  in  their  choice  of  contents  and  editorial  attitude 
the  personal  or  political  interests  of  their  owners. 


Chapter  VII 
The  Use  of  the  Library  in  Debating 

141.  This  chapter  aims  to  present  an  effective  method 
for  using  the  library  in  debate  work,  leading  up  to  the 
point  where  the  construction  of  the  brief  begins.     The 
student  is  assumed  to  have  read  the  preceding  chapters. 

142.  The    question.  —  The    question    should    be 
brought  to  the  library,  written  out  plainly  in  the  exact 
words  in  which  it  is  to  be  debated. 

In  choosing  a  question,  the  debater  should  ask  him- 
self, "How  much  material  am  I  likely  to  find  available 
on  this  subject?"  In  answering  this  question,  it  will 
help  him  to  remember  that  the  greater  the  general 
interest  in  a  subject,  the  more  books  and  magazine 
articles  will  be  written  about  it ;  for  instance,  municipal 
and  social  reform,  and  the  relations  of  labor  and  capital 
are  always  being  written  up.  A  measure  which  is  before 
Congress,  or  a  question  of  national  interest  which  is 
being  agitated  in  the  newspapers  or  magazines,  is  likely 
to  be  rich  in  printed  material  for  argument,  and  because 
of  its  timeliness  is  likely  to  prove  a  subject  of  interest 
to  debaters  and  audiences  alike. 

The  narrower  or  more  local  the  subject,  the  less  the 
material;  for  instance,  there  would  be  nothing  on  the 
proposition;  RESOLVED,  that  the  lunch  hour  in  the  Wash- 
ington High  School  be  changed  from  12  o'clock  noon,  to 
12.30  p.m.  For  such  a  subject,  the  debater  must  be  able 


72          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

to  rely  on  his  own  knowledge  of  the  facts  and  ingenuity 
in  arranging  and  presenting  them. 

When  a  question  unites  a  local  application  to  a  general 
proposition,  the  debater  is  likely  to  find  plenty  of 
material  on  the  latter,  but  may  have  to  rely  on  his  wits 
for  the  former.  For  instance  on  the  question,  RESOLVED, 
that  the  commission  form  of  government  be  adopted  by 
Ohio  cities  of  over  IOO,OOO  population,  there  is  much 
material  on  the  commission  plan  in  general,  but  little 
bearing  directly  on  conditions  in  Ohio. 

Foolish  or  undebatable  propositions  will  be  found  to 
lack  material  on  one  side  or  the  other.  For  instance 
the  proposition,  RESOLVED,  that  there  should  be  a  safe  and 
sane  Fourth  of  July,  is  not  debatable.  No  serious  argu- 
ment can  be  advanced  for  an  unsafe  and  insane  holiday. 
Magazines  do  not  pay  writers  for  nonsense,  and  it  is 
accordingly  found  that  the  negative  of  this  question 
has  no  case  as  far  as  printed  arguments  are  concerned. 

In  framing  the  question,  a  careful  talking  over  should 
bring  out  weak  points  and  save  trouble  later  on.  Brief 
practical  suggestions  for  this  stage  of  a  debate  are 
found  in  Thomas's  Manual  of  Debate,  Chapter  II.  The 
books  on  debating  named  at  the  end  of  the  present 
chapter,  section  154,  have  long  lists  of  propositions 
which  will  frequently  serve  either  as  questions  for  de- 
bate as  they  stand,  or  as  models  for  the  wording  of 
original  questions. 

143.  Preparing  a  bibliography.  —  With  the  subject 
chosen  and  the  wording  of  the  question  settled,  the 
next  step  is  to  prepare  a  list  of  books  and  magazine 
articles,  or  bibliography. 

The  sources  for  a  bibliography  are  the  card  catalogue, 
the  magazine  indexes,  and  bibliographies  mentioned 


The  Use  of  the  Library  in  Debating  73 

in  the  card  catalogue  and  found  in  books  and  articles 
consulted. 

All  the  topics  involved  in  a  proposition  should  be 
considered.  For  instance,  in  the  proposition,  RESOLVED, 
that  boards  of  arbitration  with  compulsory  powers  should 
be  established  to  settle  disputes  between  employers  and 
wage  earners,  some  of  the  topics  involved  are  Arbitra- 
tion, Strikes,  Lockouts,  Labor  and  Capital.  Cross 
references  (except  in  Poole's  Index),  usually  call  atten- 
tion to  related  subjects,  and  should  always  be  followed 
up. 

Bibliographical  notes  can  be  made  on  cards  as  de- 
scribed in  sections  40  and  126.  As  a  reference  is  looked 
up,  the  corresponding  card  can  be  checked.  When  there 
is  not  time  to  go  thoroughly  into  a  subject,  a  list  of 
references  can  be  taken  down  on  a  sheet  of  paper  and 
the  items  can  be  checked  as  consulted. 

General  references  and  references  on  both  sides  should 
be  noted. 

The  exact  paging  of  all  references  should  be  noted. 

144.  The  critical  examination  of  material.  — 
Before  beginning  to  write,  carefully  look  over  book, 
chapter  or  article,  to  be  sure  that  it  is  worth  while,  that 
you  understand  the  main  point  and  that  you  are  not 
going  to  duplicate  material  already  gathered.  In  the 
case  of  a  book,  read  the  title  page,  copyright  date, 
table  of  contents  and  preface. 

Authorship  is  important,  especially  if  authorities 
are  to  be  cited  or  quotations  made;  for  articles  by  men 
of  standing  in  special  fields  carry  weight.  For  instance, 
in  national  questions,  opinions  are  valuable  which  come 
from  the  President  of  the  United  States,  senators, 
governors  and  other  men  eminent  in  public  life;  in 


74          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

sociology,  the  opinions  of  professors  of  sociology  in 
great  universities,  of  labor  leaders,  of  philanthropists 
and  of  reformers  are  to  be  respected;  in  education, 
the  opinion  of  college  presidents,  etc. 

Articles  by  ordinary  magazine  writers  and  journalists, 
and  anonymous  articles  (excepting  in  the  editorial  col- 
umns of  newspapers),  may  be  important  for  their  facts, 
but  cannot  be  quoted  for  opinions.  To  find  out  more 
about  a  writer  of  doubtful  standing,  consult  Who's  Who 
in  America,  or  for  Englishmen,  Who's  Who.  If  a  man 
is  mentioned  in  a  general  encyclopedia  he  is  likely 
to  be  important. 

Government  documents  such  as  reports  of  bureaus  and 
departments,  of  congressional  committees,  census  re- 
ports, etc.,  are  authoritative;  for  instance,  the  Sta- 
tistical Abstract  of  the  United  States  published  by  the 
Bureau  of  Statistics  of  the  U.S.  Commerce  Depart- 
ment. The  reports  of  congressional  committees,  for 
instance,  the  Inland  Waterways  Commission,  are  valu- 
able, especially  when  political  considerations  are  not 
involved. 

Look  at  the  date  —  in  the  case  of  a  book,  the  copyright 
date.  If  the  date  is  not  extremely  recent  the  book  or 
article  must  be  brought  up  to  date  by  later  books  and 
articles. 

Tables  of  contents  should  be  examined  for  mention  of 
bibliographies.  Bibliographical  references  are  also 
often  found  at  the  ends  of  chapters  or  in  footnotes. 

145.  Special  material. —  Special  sources  of  material 
are  reference  books,  newspapers  and  the  Congressional 
Record. 

146.  Among  REFERENCE  BOOKS,  general  encyclopae- 
dias often  give  impartial  outlines,  histories  and  general 


The  Use  of  the  Library  in  Debating  75 

statistics  of  important  questions.  They  are  the  first 
books  to  be  consulted  in  making  the  acquaintance  of  a 
subject.  Other  reference  books  of  particular  value  to 
the  debater  are  those  covered  by  the  class  numbers 
from  300  to  379  inclusive,  dealing  with  sociology  and 
including  statistics,  political  economy,  government, 
education,  etc.  It  is  worth  the  while  of  any  young 
debater  to  go  to  the  Public  Library  and  carefully  look 
over  these  books. 

147.  Debaters  should  watch  the  NEWSPAPERS,  and  clip 
out  all  news  or  editorial  articles  which  have  any  bear- 
ing on  the  question.    A  court  decision,  a  piece  of  legisla- 
tion, the  result  of  an  election  may  change  the  aspect 
of  a  question.     Recent  specjfic  instances  of  evils  or 
reforms  should  be  sought,  because  they  give  point  to 
general    arguments  and    appeal  to  an  audience  which 
reads  the  newspapers. 

148.  THE  CONGRESSIONAL  RECORD  reports  the  de- 
bates in  Congress  every  day  that  Congress  is  in  session. 
The  first  part  of  the  Record  is  devoted  to  set  speeches 
which  could  not  be  delivered  for  lack  of  time,  but  are 
printed  for  the  benefit  of  constituents.    The  proceedings 
of  the  Senate  follow,  and  the  proceedings  of  the  House 
come  last.     In  the  debates,  headings  are  inserted  to 
indicate  the  subject  under  discussion.    The  Congressional 
Record  frequently  contains  valuable  material;   and  the 
proceedings  of  whichever  house  has  a  bill  under  con- 
sideration   should    be  carefully  watched  when  a  team 
is  debating  the  same  subject.    It  is  useful  for  suggesting 
subjects  of  public  interest  for  debate.     In  using  the 
Congressional   Record,   however,  it  is  to  be  borne  in 
mind  that  congressmen  vary  in  attainments  and  public 
reputation. 


76          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

149.  Taking  notes.  —  Notes  may  be  taken  on  sep- 
arate half  sheets  or  slips  of  paper  which  should  be  of 
uniform    size    for    the  whole   team.      One  point  only 
should  go  on  a  slip  or  half  sheet.     Then  when  all   the 
notes  have  been  taken,  the  construction  of  a  brief  and 
the  division  of  the  subject  become  largely  a  matter  of 
rearranging   slips  so  as   to   bring   related   branches  of 
the  argument  together. 

150.  A  debate  must  be  based  upon  facts;    therefore 
in  choosing  what  to  put  down  be  careful  to  note  useful 
general  statistics,  and  specific  instances  of  the  abuse 
under  fire  or  of  the  success  of  proposed  reforms.     For 
instance  in  denouncing  the  evils  of  strikes,  the  rioting 
in  the  Philadelphia  street  car  strike  of  1910  can  be  cited 
to  advantage.     Bibliographies  and  references  to  other 
books  and  articles  should  be  noted.     Of  the  references 
so  gathered,  some  will  already  have  been  discovered,  some 
will  be  clearly  useless  and  some  cannot  be  had.     On  the 
other  hand,  some  may  be  valuable. 

Makes  notes  brief.  They  can  be  compressed  by  leaving 
out  "the,"  "a"  and  "an,"  unimportant  connecting 
words,  phrases  and  clauses,  and  by  using  abbrevia- 
tions when  the  sense  will  be  left  clear;  thus  for  the  pre- 
ceding sentences :  — 

"Notes  brief.    Omit  &  abbrev.  when  sense  clear." 

Quotations  should  be  exact  and  should  be  enclosed 
in  quotation  marks  ("  ").  Words  or  punctuation 
should  not  be  changed,  and  omissions  should  be 
shown  by  dots  or  dashes  where  they  occur,  thus:  "With 
malice  toward  none  ...  let  us  strive  on  to  finish  the 
work  we  are  in." 

The  source  of  a  note,  including  the  page  number, 
should  always  follow  the  note  itself.  A  note  often  has 


The  Use  of  the  Library  in  Debating  77 

to  be  verified,  and  if  the  source  is  not  known,  valuable 
time  is  lost  in  hunting  for  authorities. 

Remarks  by  the  taker  of  the  note  should  be  put  in 
brackets  [  ]  so  as  not  to  be  confused  with  the  note  itself. 

151.  Rebuttal.  —  Rebuttal  can  largely  be  prepared 
beforehand.     The  best  way  to  do  it  is  to  note  each  op- 
posing point  on  a  card  or  slip  when  taking  notes.    Below 
the  objection,  leave  room  for  the  answer  which  can  be 
filled  in  at  leisure.    The  cards  can  be  divided  up  among 
the  members  of  the  team  according  to  the  branch  of 
the  argument  which  each  has;    for  instance,  objections 
to  practicability  can  go  to  the  member  who  has  to  prove 
the  measure  practicable,  etc.    On  the  floor,  the  written 
objections  with  their  answers  can  be  picked  out  as  one's 
opponent  brings  them  up,  and  used  as  notes  in  reply. 

152.  Division  of  labor.  —  The  making  of  a  bibli- 
ography can  be  done  by  one  man  taking  the  card  cata- 
logue; the  second,  the  magazine  indexes;  and  the  third, 
the   bibliographies   in   the   encyclopedias   and    special 
reference  books.     In  getting  at  special  reference  books, 
an  outline  of  the  library  classification  will  be  useful. 
(See  sections  47,  146.) 

When  the  bibliography  is  finished,  it  should  be  divided 
equally  among  the  members  of  the  team  for  taking  notes. 
The  argument  should  not  be  divided  until  all  notes 
are  taken. 

153.  Useful    books.  —  The    books    named    below 
contain  lists  of  questions,  outlines  of  debates,  references 
to  books  and  articles,  and  other  information  and  sugges- 
tions which  young  debaters  will  find  useful. 

When  articles  referred  to  in  these  books  are  used,  they 
should  always  be  supplemented  by  using  the  latest 
magazine  articles  to  bring  them  up  to  date. 


78          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

154.     Books  on  debating.  - 

CARNEGIE  LIBRARY  OF  PITTSBURGH.     DEBATE  INDEX. 

Indexes  a  number  of  debaters'  manuals,  and  is  useful 
as  a  guide  in  locating  material  quickly,  especially  on 
out-of-the-way  subjects. 

BROOKINGS  AND  RINGWALT.     BRIEFS  FOR  DEBATE. 

Contains  seventy-five  questions  for  debate,  with 
outlines  for  both  negative  and  affirmative  sides,  and 
very  full  lists  of  references.  It  also  has  a  list  of  two 
hundred  additional  topics  for  discussion,  and  a  preface 
on  the  art  of  debate,  which  though  intended  for  college 
men  contains  suggestions  by  which  the  high  school 
debater  can  profit. 

Some  of  the  general  subjects  covered  are:  Suffrage, 
political  parties  and  methods,  national  policies,  currency, 
tariff,  taxation,  government  intervention,  labor,  liquor 
traffic  and  education.  Old  but  useful. 

CRAIG.     PROS  AND  CONS. 

Contains  complete  debates  with  the  questions  fully 
discussed  on  both  sides,  and  directions  for  organizing  a 
debating  society. 

DEBATERS'  HANDBOOK  SERIES.      (H.  W.  Wilson  Co., 
publishers.) 

A  volume  of  selected  articles  with  brief  and  bibli- 
ography has  been  published  on  each  of  the  following 
subjects:  Direct  primaries,  commission  plan  of  munici- 
pal government,  capital  punishment,  initiative  and  refer- 
endum, election  of  United  States  senators,  income  tax, 
woman  suffrage  and  other  topics. 


The  Use  of  the  Library  in  Debating  79 

FOSTER.    ARGUMENTATION  AND  DEBATING. 

A  thorough,  careful  exposition  of  the  art  of  debate, 
with  many  illustrative  examples.  List  of  two  hundred 
and  seventy-five  propositions  at  the  back.  Chapter 
XIII  on  Debating  contains  some  valuable  suggestions 
for  the  high  school  debater. 

LAYCOCK  AND  SPOFFORD.    MANUAL  OF  ARGUMENTA- 
TION. 

Simple  manual  for  high  schools  and  academies. 

INTERCOLLEGIATE  DEBATES.    (Several  volumes.) 

Briefs  and  reports  of  actual  intercollegiate  debates. 
At  the  end  of  each  debate  is  given  a  list  of  references. 
Some  of  the  questions  debated  are  initiative  and  referen- 
dum, federal  income  tax,  federal  control  of  railroads, 
restriction  of  immigration,  labor  unions,  closed  shop 
vs.  open  shop,  popular  election  of  senators  and  commis- 
sion system  of  municipal  government. 

RINGWALT.    BRIEFS  ON  PUBLIC  QUESTIONS. 

On  the  same  order  as  Brookings  and  Ringwalt's  Briefs 
for  Debate,  but  more  recent. 

ROBBINS.    HIGH  SCHOOL  DEBATE  BOOK. 

Simple,  practical  instructions  on  the  preparation  of 
debates;  briefs  and  references. 

THOMAS.    MANUAL  OF  DEBATE. 

A  compact  manual  suitable  for  the  high  school  debater. 


80          The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

155.     Books  on  parliamentary  law.  — 

HENRY.     How  TO  ORGANIZE  AND  CONDUCT  A  MEET- 
ING. 

A  useful  manual  for  members  or  organizers  of  debating 
clubs,  literary  societies,  secret  societies,  etc. 

ROBERT  (H.  M.).     POCKET  MANUAL   OF   RULES   OF 
ORDER. 

A  handbook  of  parliamentary  law  based  on  the  rules 
and  practice  of  Congress,  including  an  explanation  of 
the  methods  of  organizing  and  conducting  the  business 
of  societies.  The  index  should  be  used.  Very  useful 
for  presiding  officers. 

ROBERT  (J.  T.).    PRIMER  OF  PARLIAMENTARY  LAW. 

Simplified  parliamentary  law  and  practice  for  schools, 
colleges,  clubs,  fraternities,  etc.  Object  lessons  and  ex- 
ercises for  practice. 


Chapter  VIII 
Buying  Books 

156.  The  object  of  this  chapter  is  to  give  a  few 
practical  hints  to  the  student  who  is  collecting  a  library 
of  his  own. 

157.  Points  to  be  observed  in  choosing  books.  - 

The  three  principal  points  to  be  observed  in  choosing 
a  book  are  print,  paper  and  binding.  Print  should  be 
large,  clear  and  easy  to  read;  fine  print  is  bad  for  the 
eyes.  Paper  should  be  white  or  of  a  slight  cream  tint, 
firm,  and  opaque  so  that  the  print  on  the  back  of  the 
page  will  not  show  through.  Avoid  highly  glazed  paper 
if  possible,  for  it  dazzles  the  eye  and  soils  easily.  Bind- 
ing should  be  plain  as  a  rule,  and  substantial.  In  the 
matter  of  binding,  cloth  is  ordinarily  preferable  to 
leather,  as  most  leather  sooner  or  later  rots  and  goes 
to  pieces.  It  is  true  that  leather  if  properly  selected  and 
tanned  makes  the  handsomest  and  most  durable  binding 
for  a  book,  but  such  leather  is  expensive  and  rarely 
met  with  in  ordinary  trade  bindings.  It  is  never  met 
with  on  a  cheap  book. 

A  book  should  not  open  too  stiffly;  no  sections  should 
be  loose;  and  its  back  should  not  be  "broken,"  (see 
section  2). 

158.  Ordering    books.  —  The    safest   way    to   buy 
books  is  through  some  regular  dealer,  or  directly  from 
the  publisher. 


82         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

To  obtain  a  book  for  a  customer,  a  dealer  needs  the 
following  information:  (1)  Author's  name,  (2)  title, 
(3)  edition  or  series,  if  special,  (4)  style  of  binding,  if 
special,  i.e.,  leather,  paper  or  cloth,  (5)  publisher, 
(6)  price.  Author's  name  and  title  must  be  furnished 
by  the  purchaser  and  should  be  as  exact  as  possible. 
The  remaining  information  can  be  got  by  the  dealer 
from  his  trade  lists,  but  there  is  less  chance  for  mistake 
if  the  customer  can  supply  it  from  his  own  knowledge. 
For  example,  Scott's  Ivanhoe  is  published  by  Macmillan, 
Houghton-Mifflin,  Dana  Estes,  the  American  Book  Co., 
Scribner,  Burt,  Crowell,  and  others.  Some  of  these 
in  turn  publish  several  different  editions  of  Ivanhoe; 
for  instance,  Houghton,  MifHin  Co.  publish  an  edition 
for  general  reading  and  a  couple  of  school  editions. 

If  a  book  is  ordered  without  being  seen,  an  edition  by  a 
publisher  of  established  reputation  is  rather  more  likely 
to  be  satisfactory  in  regard  to  text  and  make-up  than 
an  edition  by  a  publisher  the  general  quality  of  whose 
work  is  unknown. 

In  case  of  doubt,  the  librarian  of  the  public  library 
can  often  name  or  show  specimens  of  good  editions. 

159.  American  publishers.  —  The  following  list 
includes  the  names  of  the  larger  publishing  houses  of 
the  United  States:  — 

GENERAL  BOOKS:  Appleton  &  Co.,  Century  Co., 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.,  E.  P.  Dutton 
&  Co.,  Harper  &  Bros.,  Henry  Holt  &  Co.,  Houghton, 
MifHin  Co.,  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.,  Little,  Brown  &  Co., 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co., 
Macmillan  Co.,  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons. 


Buying  Books  83 

TEXT-BOOKS:  Allyn  &  Bacon,  American  Book  Co., 
Ginn  &  Co.,  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 

The  following  general  publishers  also  publish  text- 
books: Appleton,  Holt,  Houghton-Mifflin,  Longmans, 
Macmillan,  Scribner. 

TECHNICAL  BOOKS:  American  School  of  Correspond- 
ence,1 International  Text-book  Co.,1  McGraw-Hill  Book 
Co.,  D.  Van  Nostrand  Co.,  John  Wiley  &  Sons. 

DICTIONARIES:  Century  Co.,  G.  &  C.  Merriam  Co., 
Funk  and  Wagnalls  Co. 

160.  British  publishers.  —  The  following  list   in- 
cludes the  names  of  some  of  the  principal  publishers 
of  Great   Britain,   whose  books  are  frequently  found 
in  American  libraries  and  book  stores:  — 

B.  T.  Batsford,  Geo.  Bell  &  Sons,  A.  &  C.  Black, 
Wm.  Blackwood  &  Sons,  Cassell  &  Co.,  Chapman  & 
Hall,  T.  &  T.  Clark,  Archibald  Constable  &  Co.,  J.  M. 
Dent  &  Co.,  H.  Frowde,  Gibbings  &  Co.,  William 
Heinemann,  John  Lane,  Crosby  Lockwood  &  Son, 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  Sampson  Low,  Marston  &  Co., 
Macmillan  &  Co.,  T.  Nelson  &  Sons,  Kegan  Paul, 
Trench,  Triibner  &  Co.,  G.  Routledge  &  Sons,  Scott, 
Greenwood  &  Sons,  T.  Fisher  Unwin. 

161.  Popular  low-priced  series.  —  The   books  in 
these  series  are  suitable  for  starting  a  small   library  at 
home. 

1  Books  for  home  instruction.  The  publications  of  the  American 
School  of  Correspondence  are  reprinted  and  gathered  into  a  series  of 
sets  known  as  the  Cyclopedia  of  Modern  Shop  Practice,  Cyclopedia  of 
Applied  Electricity,  etc.,  and  published  over  the  name,  "American 
Technical  Society."  Some  of  the  matter  in  one  of  these  cyclopedias  is 
often  duplicated  in  another;  for  instance,  the  section  on  the  strength  of 
materials  in  the  Cyclopedia  of  Architecture,  Carpentry  and  Building, 
is  the  same  as  that  in  the  Cyclopedia  of  Civil  Engineering. 


84         The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 

EVERYMAN'S  LIBRARY. 

E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.,  N.  Y.,  publishers;  35  cents,  net, 
a  volume,  cloth;  70  cents,  net,  limp  leather.  About 
four  hundred  volumes;  literature  including  standard 
fiction,  history,  biography,  etc. 

GOLDEN  TREASURY  SERIES. 

Macmillan  Co.,  N.  Y.,  publishers;  $1.00  a  volume, 
cloth;  price  subject  to  discount.  Devoted  to  standard 
and  classic  works ;  no  fiction  to  speak  of. 

HOME  LIBRARY. 

A.  L.  Burt  &  Co.,  N.  Y.,  publishers,  $1.00  a  volume, 
cloth;  price  subject  to  heavy  discount.  About  five 
hundred  standard  works  including  fiction. 

TEMPLE  CLASSICS. 

Macmillan  Co.,  N.  Y.,  publishers;  50  cents,  cloth; 
75  cents,  limp  leather;  prices  subject  to  discount.  About 
one  hundred  and  twenty-five  titles  devoted  to  the 
English  classics  and  translations  of  great  foreign  classics. 
The  print  is  rather  small. 

162.  Subscription  books.  —  Books  sold  by  sub- 
scription or  through  an  agent  should  always  be  bought 
very  cautiously,  and  when  published  by  unknown 
publishers  are  best  let  alone.  Subscription  books  which 
are  sold  even  by  responsible  firms  are  often  not  worth 
the  price  asked  for  them ;  and  those  sold  by  irresponsible 
publishers  are  likely  to  be  worth  nothing.  People  who 
wish  to  sell  sets  which  they  have  bought  in  this  way 
sometimes  bring  them  to  the  Public  Library  only 
to  find  that  they  have  been  imposed  on  with  books 
which  are  absolutely  worthless. 


Buying  Books  85 

One  of  the  "fakes"  of  unscrupulous  publishers  is  to 
reproduce  an  out  of  date  edition  of  some  well-known 
book  and  pass  it  off  for  a  new  work,  frequently  under 
some  title  resembling  the  original.  Dictionaries  and 
encyclopedias  are  used  in  this  kind  of  swindle.  When 
such  books  are  reproduced  from  old  plates  the  fraud 
is  easily  detected,  for  with,  or  even  without  the  aid 
of  a  magnifying  glass,  the  corners  and  thin  lines  of 
letters  will  be  seen  to  be  worn  and  broken. 

Other  impostures  are  the  "Illustrated  Histories  of  the 
World,"  etc.,  by  unknown  or  nameless  authorities. 
Then  there  are  the  so-called  "de  luxe"  editions  of 
standard  sets  by  well-known  authors.  These  will  be 
published  by  obscure  publishers  or  unknown  "societies," 
gorgeously  but  cheaply  bound  in  imitation  "morocco," 
and  printed  on  inferior  paper.  This  kind  is  often  found 
in  popular  book  auctions. 

The  objection  to  the  "fake"  subscription  book  is 
not  merely  that  it  is  often  ill  made,  nor  that  it  is  often 
got  up  in  bad  taste,  nor  that  its  contents  are  sometimes 
worthless,  nor  that  its  publisher  may  be  unknown. 
The  great  objection  is  that  it  is  too  often  sold  under 
false  pretences  and  by  unscrupulous  methods.  There 
is  no  objection  to  anyone's  buying  one  as  long  as  he 
clearly  understands  that  he  is  not  getting  a  bargain  — 
the  arguments  of  the  book  agent  to  the  contrary. 

If  an  apparently  good  bargain  presents  itself,  make  a 
note  of  the  author,  the  title  and  the  publisher.  The 
librarian  in  charge  of  the  nearest  library  can  often 
from  practical  experience  furnish  information  or  advice 
about  purchasing. 


Appendix 
Specimen  Extracts  from  the  Dictionaries 


Appendix 

163.    Specimen  extract  from  the  Century  Dic- 
tionary. - 

seine1  (san  or  sen),  n.  [Formerly  also  sein, 
scan;  early  mod.  E.  sayne ;  <  ME.  seine,  saine, 
partly  (a)  <  AS.  segne  =  OLG.  segina,  a  seine, 
and  partly  (6)  <  OF.  seine,  seigne,  earlier  sayme, 
saime,  F.  seine  =  It.  sagena,  a  seine ;  <  L.  sageiia, 
<  Gr.  oayjfvn,  a  fishing-net,  a  bunting-net  Cf. 
sagene*,  from  the  same  source.]  A  kind  of  net 
used  in  taking  fish;  one  of  the  class  of  encir- 
cling nets,  consisting  of  a  webbing  of  network 
provided  with  corks  or  floats  at  the  upper  edge, 
and  with  leads  of  greater  or  less  weight  at  the 
lower,  and  used  to  inclose  a  certain  area  of  wa- 
ter, and  by  bringing  the  ends  together,  either 
in  a  boat  or  on  the  shore,  to  secure  the  fish  that 
may  be  inclosed.  Seines  vary  In  size  from  one  small 
enough  to  take  a  few  minnows  to  the  shad-seine  of  a  mile 
or  more  in  length,  hauled  by  a  windlass  worked  by  horses 
or  oxen  or  by  a  steam-engine.  The  largest  known  seine 
was  used  for  shad  at  Stony  Point  on  the  Potomac  in  ItTl ; 
it  measured  3,400  yards,  or  nearly  2  miles ;  the  lines  and 
seine  together  had  a  linear  extent  of  5  miles,  and  swept 
1,200  acres  of  river-bottom  ;  this  net  was  drawn  twice  in 
24  hours. 

The  sayne  is  a  net,  of  about  fortie  fathome  in  length,  with 
which  they  encompasse  a  part  of  the  sea,  and  drawe  the 
same  on  land  by  two  ropes  fastned  at  his  ends,  together 
with  such  fish  as  lighteth  within  his  precinct. 

R.  Carew,  Survey  of  Cornwall,  fol.  30. 

They  found  John  Oldham  under  an  old  seine,  stark  na- 
ked, his  head  cleft  to  the  brains,  and  his  hands  and  legs 
cut.  Winthrop,  Hist  New  England,  I.  228. 

Cod-seine,  a  seine  used  to  take  codfish  near  the  shore, 
where  they  follow  the  caplin.—  Drag-seine,  a  haul-ashore 
seine. — Draw-seine,  a  seine  which  may  be  pursed  or 
drawn  into  the  shape  of  a  bag.— Haul-ashore  seine,  a 
seine  that  is  hauled  or  dragged  from  the  shore ;  a  drag- 
seine. —  Shad-seine,  a  seine  specially  adapted  or  used  for 
taking  shad,  and  generally  of  great  size.  See  def.— To 
blow  up  the  seine,  to  press  against  the  lead-line  of  a 
seine  in  the  endeavor  to  escape,  as  fish. — To  boat  a 
seine,  to  stow  the  seine  aboard  of  the  seine-boat  in  such 
a  manner  that  it  may  be  paid  out  without  entangling.  A 
seine  may  be  boated  as  it  is  hauled  from  the  water,  or 
after  it  has  been  hauled  and  piled  on  the  beach.  (See 
also  purse-seine.) 

seine1  (sail  or  sen),  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  seined, 
ppr.  seining.  [<  seine*,  n.]  To  catch  with  a 
seine :  as,  fish  may  be  seined. 

seine2t.  A  Middle  English  form  of  sain  arid  of 
sign. 

seine-boat  (san'bot),  H.  A  boat  specially  de- 
signed or  used  for  holding,  carrying,  or  paying 
out  a  seine. 


90  Appendix 

164.    Specimen  extract  from  the  Century  Cyclo- 
pedia of  Names.  — 

Roundheads  (round'hedz).  In  English  history, 
the  members  of  the  Parliamentarian  or  Puritan 
party  during  the  civil  war.  They  were  BO  called  op- 
probfiously  by  the  Royalists  or  Cavaliers,  in  allusion  to 
the  Puritans'  custom  of  wearing  their  hair  closely  cut, 
while  the  Cavaliers  usually  wore  theirs  in  ringlets.  The 
Roundheads  were  one  of  the  two  great  parties  in  English 
politics  first  formed  about  1641,  and  continued  under  the 
succeeding  names  of  Whigs  and  Liberals,  as  opposed  to 
the  Cavaliers,  Tories,  and  Conservatives  respectively. 

Roundheads,  The.  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Aphra 
Behn.  produced  in  1682. 

Round  Table,  The.  In  Arthurian  legend,  a 
table  made  by  Merlin  for  Uther  Pendragon,  who 
gave  it  to  the  father  of  Guinevere,  from  whom 
Arthur  received  it  with  100  knights  as  a  wed- 
ding gift.  The  table  would  seat  150  knights.  One  seat 
was  called  the  siege  or  seat  perilous  because  it  was  death 
to  any  knight  to  sit  upon  it  unless  he  were  the  knight 
whose  achievement  of  the  Holy  Grail  was  certain.  The 
Order  of  the  Round  Table  was  an  institution  founded  by 
King  Arthur  at  the  advice  of  Merlin.  It  was  originally 
military,  but  it  ultimately  became  a  military  and  theocratic 
organization.  The  romances  of  the  grail  and  of  the  Round 
Table  are  closely  connected.  There  were  legends  of  the 
latter  before  1155,  but  between  1155  and  1200  several  books 
were  collectively  called  "  Romances  of  the  Round  Table." 
Among  the  poetic  and  prose  compositions  belonging  to 
this  cycle  are  "Parzifal  und  Titurel"  (German),  "Perce- 
val" (French),  "Morte  Arthur"  (English  and  French), 
"Lancelot  du  Lac " (French),  "Tristan  "  (French),  "Life  of 
Merlin"  (French  and  English),  "Quest  of  the  Holy  Grail" 
(French  and  English), "  Perceforest "  (French), "  Meliadua  " 
and  "  Guiron  le  Courtois  "  (French). 

Round  Table  Conference.  A  resultless  confer- 
ence of  representatives  of  the  Gla.dstonian  Lib- 
erals and  Liberal-Unionists  in  1887,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  effect  a  reunion  of  the  Liberal 
party. 

Roundway  Down  (round'wa  doun).  A  place 
near  Devizes,  Wilts,  England,  at  which  the 
Parliamentary  forces  under  Waller  were  totally 
defeated  by  the  Royalists  under  Hopton,  July 

1O       1  £*  A  O 

13,  1643. 

Rouphia.    See  Alpheus. 

Rouroutou  Island.    See  Eurutu  Island. 

Rous,  or  Rouse  (rous),  Francis.  Born  at  Halton, 
Cornwall,  1579:  died  at  Acton,  Jan.  7,  1659. 
An  English  Puritan,  noted  as  the  author  of  a  met- 
rical version  of  the  Psalms  (1646).  He  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  was  a  member  of  the  Long  Parliament  and  the 
Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines,  and  in  1643was  appointed 
provost  of  Eton.  His  version  is  that  still  used  in  the  Scot- 
tish churches. 

Rousay  (ro'sa).  One  of  the  Orkney  Islands, 
Scotland,  1  mile  north  of  Mainland.  Length,  6 
miles. 


Appendix 


91 


165.    Specimen  extract   from   Webster's   Inter- 
national Dictionary. — 

Stare  (stfir),  ri.  [AS.  stser.  See  STARLING.]  (Zool.) 
The  starling.  [06*.] 

Stare,  v.  i.     [imp.  &  p.  p.  STARED  (stfird) ;  p.  pr.  & 

vb.  n.  STABINO.T  [AS.  starwn  ;  akin  to  LG.  &  D.  ttaren, 

OHO.  staren,  Q.  starren,  Icel.  stara ;  cf.  Icel.  stira, 

Dan.  stirre,  Sw.  stirra,  and  O.  starr  stiff,  rigid,  fixed, 

Or.  trnptot  solid  (E.  stereo-),  Skr.  sthira  firm,  strong. 

V166.    Cf.  STERILE.]    1.  To  look  with  fixed  eyes  wide 

open,  as  through  fear,  wonder,  surprise,  impudence,  etc. ; 

to  fasten  an  earnest  and  prolonged  gaze  on  some  object. 

For  ever  upon  the  ground  I  see  thee  ttare.       Chaucer. 

Look  not  big,  nor  itamp,  nor  ttare,  nor  fret.          Shak. 

2.  To  be  very  conspicuous  on  account  of  size,  promi- 
nence, color,  or  brilliancy ;  as,  staring  windows  or  colors. 

3.  To  stand  out ;  to  project ;  to  bristle.     [O6*.] 

Makcst  my  blood  cold,  and  my  hair  to  itare.        Shak. 
Take  off  all  the  flaring  straw*  and  jagi  in  the  hive.    Mortimer. 
Syn.  —  To  gaze  ;  to  look  earnestly.    See  GAZE. 
Stare,  v.  t.    To  look  earnestly  at ;  to  gaze  at. 

I  will  start  him  out  of  his  wits.  Shak. 

To  itare  in  the  face,  to  be  before  the  eyes,  or  to  be  un- 
deniably evident.  "  The  law . . .  stares  them  in  the  face 
whilst  they  are  breaking  it. "  Locke. 

Stare,  n.  The  act  of  staring ;  a  fixed  look  with  eyes 
wide  open.  "  A  dull  and  stupid  stare."  Churchill. 

Star'er  (stSr'er),  n.     One  who  stares,  or  gazes. 
Start  (starf),  oft.?,  imp.  of  STARVE.  Starved.   Chaucer. 
Star'Hnch'  (star'fTnch'),  n.     (Zool.)  The  European 
redstart. 

Star'ttsh'  (-fish'),  n.    1.  (Zool.)  Any  one  of  numer- 
ous species  of    echinoderms 
belonging  to  the  class  Aste- 
rioidea,  in  which  the  body  is 
star-shaped  and  usually  has 
five  rays,  though  the  number 
of   rays  varies  from  five  to 
forty  or  more. 
The    rays    are 
often  long,  but 
are  sometimes 
so  short  as  to 
appear  only  as 
angles   to   the 
disklike  body. 
Called  also  sea 
star,  five-fin- 
ger, and   stel- 
lerid. 

JgT"    The 
ophiuroids  are 
also  sometimes 
called    star- 
fishes.   See  BRITTLE  STAB,  and  OPHIUBOIDEA. 

2.  (Zool.)  The  dollar  fish,  or  butterflsh. 


Common  American  Starfish  (Aiteritu 
vulyaru).    (X) 


ale,  senate,  care,  am,  arm,  ask,  final,  all:  eve, 
event.  end,Jern,  recent;  ice,  idea,  111;  old,  obey, 
drb,  5dd  ;  use,  finite,  rude,  full,  ftp,  urn;  pity  ; 
food,  Wot ;  out,  oil ;  chair  ;  go  ;  sing,  ink  ;  then, 
thin ;  boic ;  zh  =  z  in  azure. 

Copt/right,  WOO,  bv  Cf.  tt  C.  Merriam  Co. 


92  Appendix 

166.     Specimen  extracts  from  the  appendix** of 
Webster's  International  Dictionary.  — 

EXPLANATORY  AND  PRONOUNCING  DICTIONARY  OF  THE 
NAMES  OF  NOTED  FICTITIOUS  PERSONS,  PLACES  ETC. 

Hec'tor  (hSk'tSr).  [L.,  fr.  Gr.*E«Twp.]  In  Homer's 
•'  Iliad,"  one  of  the  none  of  Priam,  and  the  bravest  of 
the  Trojan  warriors.  He  was  killed  by  Achilles,  who 
dragged  his  body  at  the  tail  of  his  chariot  three  times 
around  the  walls  of  Troy. 

Hec'0-ba  (hgk'fi-bA).  [L.,  from  Or. 'Exi/STj.]  In  Ho- 
mer's "  Iliad.'1  the  wife  of  Priam,  King  of  Troy. 

Beep,  U  rl'ah  (u-ri'a  hep).  A  detestable  character 
in  Dickeus's  novel  "  David  Copperfleld,"  who,  under  the 
garb  of  the  most  abject  humility,  conceals  a  diabolic 
malignity.  "  I  am  well  aware  that  I  am  the  umblest  per- 
son going,"  said  Uriah  Heep  modestly;  "let  the  other 
be  where  he  may." 

Copyright,  1900,  bv  O,  &  C.  Merriam  Co. 

A  PRONOUNCING  GAZETTEER  OR  GEOGRAPHICAL  DIC- 
TIONARY OF  THE  WORLD. 

Mississippi  (mls'ts-sTp'pT)  riv.  U.  8.  A.  3,000  m.  long,  from  divide  few  miles 
3  of  Itasca  lake,  Minn,  to  Gulf  of  Mex. ;  length  f  r.  headwaters  of  Missouri  to 
Gulf,  3,700  m.  —  state,  S  E  U.  S.  A.  46,810  D  pop.  1,551,  *  Jackson.  —  co.  N  E 
Ark.  842  D  pop.  16,  X  Osceola.  — co.  S  E  Mo.  417  D  pop.  12,  X  Charleston. 

Missolonghl  (mls'sS-lBn'ge)  cml.  town,  coast  of  Acarnania  &  JStolia  nome, 
Greece  ;  Byron  died  he"re  in  1824 10 

Mlssoula  (int-zoo'la)  co.  N  W  Mont.  6,385  D  pop.  14.  —  its  X  pop.  4. 

Missouri  (mls-soo'rl  or  mtz-zoo'rT ;  locally  mTz-zoo'ru)  riv.  U.  S.  A.  about 
3,000  m.  long,  Rocky  mts.  to  Mississippi  riv.  —state,  cen.  U.  S.  A.  69,415  D 
pop.  3,107,  #  Jefferson  City. 

D  means  square  miles;  *,  capital  ;  X,  co.  seat;  agr.,  agricultural;  cml.,  commer- 
cial ;  mfg.,  manufacturing ;  min.,  mining;  spt. ,  seaport ;  tp.,  township ;  vil.,  village. 
Population  is  given  in  nearest  thousands:  2  =:  1,500  to  2,499;  3  =  2,500  to  3,499, 
etc.;  less  than  1,000  not  given.  See  Abbreviations,  p.  1919. 

Copyright,  1902,  by  O.  &  C.  Merriam  Co. 


A  PRONOUNCING  BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY. 

Lincoln  (ITn'kfin),  Abraham.    16th  pres.  of  U.  S.  (1861-65) 1809—1865. 

Lincoln,  Benjamin.     American  Revolutionary  general 1733 — 1810. 

Lincoln,  Levi.     American  lawyer  and  statesman 1749 — 1820. 

Lincoln,  Levi.     Son  of  preceding.     American  lawyer  and  statesman 1782 — 1868. 

Lind  (llnd),  Jenny.    Madame  Goldschmidt.     Swedish  vocalist 1820—1887. 

Copyright,  1S02,  by  O.  <&  C.  Merriam.  Co. 


Appendix  93 

QUOTATIONS,  WORDS,  PHRASES.  PROVERBS  .  .  .  FROM 
.  .  .  FOREIGN  LANGUAGES. 

Distingue.     [F.]     Distinguished ;  eminent. 

Distrait      [F.]     Absent  in  thought ;  absent-minded. 

IHi-erto  intuitu.  [L.]  With  a  different  intent  or  pur- 
pose ;  in  a  different  view,  or  point  of  view  ;  by  a  dif- 
ferent course. 

Divertissement.     [F.I     Amusement ;  sport. 

Divide  et  impern.     [L.]     Divide  and  rule. 

Divoto.     [It.]     Devoted 

Copyright,  1890,  bv  G.  &  C.  Merriam  Co. 

ABBREVIATIONS  AND  CONTRACTIONS  USED  IN  WRIT- 
ING  AND  PRINTING. 


D. 

/'.   [L.]  Deus ;  Dominicus ;  Dux. 
/>.     David  ;  Didymium ;  Dublin  ; 

Duke ;     Duchess ;     Dowager ; 

Dose  ;  Dutch. 
D.,  or  d.     Day ;    Died  ;    Dime  ; 

Daughter  ;  Deputy  ;  Degree.  — 

(Denarius,     or     denarii.)       A 

penny,  or  pence. 
Da.     Davyum. 
Dan.     Danish;  Daniel. 


E. 

/•:.  East ;  Eastern  (Postal  Dis- 
trict, London) ;  Earl ;  Edin- 
burgh ;  Erbium  ;  English. 

E.,  or  e.     Eagle,  Eagles. 

fa.     Each. 

Eb.     Erbium. 

I-'ben.     Ebenezer. 

Ebor.     (Eboracum.)    York. 

E.  C.  Eastern  Central  (Postal 
District,  London) ;  Established 
Church. 


Copyright,  1890,  by  O.  &  C.  Merriam  Co. 


ARBITRARY  SIGNS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTING. 
I.   ASTRONOMICAL. 


1.    BUN,  GREATER  PLANETS,   ETC. 


0 


O.  or 


The  Sun  ;  Sunday. 
The  Moon  ;  Monday. 
New  Moon. 
First  Quarter. 
Full  Moon. 


©,  ©,  or  5 

$ 

2/ 

lj 

$  ,  or  & 


The  Earth. 
Mars  ;  Tuesday. 
Jupiter  ;  Thursday. 
Saturn;  Saturday, 
Uranus. 


Copyright,  1S90,  bv  G.  <fr  C.  Merriam  Co. 


For  a  summary  of  the  lists  found  in  the  Appendix  of 
Webster's  International  Dictionary,  see  the  paragraph 
on  Webster's  International  Dictionary,  page  44. 


94  Appendix 

167.    Specimen    extract    from    Webster's    New 
International  Dictionary.  - 

Oil  (oil),  n.  [ME.  oiie,  OF.  oile,  oitle,  F.  huilt,  ti.  L.  ole- 
um, fr.  Or.  cAaior.  Cf.  OLIVE.]  1.  Any  of  a  large  claw 
of  unctuous  combustible  substances  which  are  liquid,  or 
at  leaat  easily  liquefiable  on  warming,  and  soluble  in  ether, 
but  not  in  water.  They  are  usually  lighter  than  water  and 
soluble  also  in  alcohol.  According  to  their  origin,  oil* 
are  classed  as  vegetable,  animal,  and  mineral,  oils  ;  according 
to  their  behavior  on  heating,  as  fixed,  or  fatty,  and  volatile, 
or  Mientlal.  oils.  Most  fixed  oils  belong  chemically  to  the 
fats,  stearin  and  palmitin  usually  prevailing  in  the  solid 
oils  and  fats,  and  olein  in  liquid  ones.  See  FAT,  WAX.  The 
fixed  oils  are  classed  as  drying,  semldrying,  ana  nondrylng, 
oili,  according  to  the  degree  to  which  they  thicken  by  ab- 
sorbing oxygen.  The  animal  and  vegetable  oils,  fats,  and 
waxes  nave  oeen  grouped  thus:  1.  Olive  oil  group:  vege- 
table, non-drying.  2.  Cottonseed  oil  group :  vegetable,  semi- 
drying.  3.  Linseed  oil  group :  vegetable,  drying.  4.  Caitot 
oil  group:  vegetable,  viscous,  medicinal.  5.  Palm  oil  group: 
vegetable,  solid  fats.  6.  Coconut  oil  group :  vegetable,  solid, 
partly  waxlike.  7.  Lard  oil  group :  animal,  liquid  fats.  8.  Tal- 
low group :_  animal,  solid  fats.  9.  Whale  oil  group :  marine 
animals,  liquid  fats.  10.  Sperm  oil  group:  animal,  liquid 
waxes.  11.  Spermaceti  group :  solid  waxes.  The  origin  of 
mineral  oils  is  uncertain.  See  PETROLEUM. 

5EIP"  See  TABLE  or  OILS  AND  FATS,  on  p.  14%. 

2.  Any  substance  of  an  oily  consistency ;  as,  oil  of  vitriol. 

3.  Art.  a  Oil  color ;  as,  to  paint  in  oils,     b  A  painting  in 
oil  colors ;  —  usually  in  pi.  ;  as,  fine  oilt.     Colloq. 

4.  Short  for  OILSKLN  :  —  usually  in  pi.     Colloq. 

oil  of  amber,  a  colorless  to  yellowish  brown  oil  of  empyreu- 
matic  odor  and  acrid  taste,  made  by  dry  distillation  of 
amber.  It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  stimulant,  antispas- 
modic,  and  rubefacient.  —  o.  of  bitter  almonds,  bitter-alm- 
ond oil.  See  OIL,  Table  /.  The  artificial  or  imitation  oil 
of  bitter  almonds  is  nitrobenzene.  —  o.  of  brick,  empyreu- 
matic  oil  obtained  by  subjecting  a  brick  soaked  in  oil  to 
distillation  at  a  high  temperature,  —  used  by  lapidaries  as 
a  vehicle  for  the  emery  by  which  stones  and  gems  are  sawn 
or  cut.  — o.ofcade.  Seelst  CADE.  — o.  of  caoutchouc. a  mixture 
of  hydrocarbons  obtained  by  the  dry  distillation  of  caout- 
chouc ;  —  called  also  caoutcnoucin .  —  o.  of  flints.  Old  Chem., 
liquor  of  flints.  —  o.  of  mirbane,  Chem.,  nitrobenzene.  — o. 
of  myrcia.  =  BAY  OIL  a.  —  o.  of  philosophers'.  See  PHILOSO- 
PHER'S OIL.  — o.  of  spike.  See  2d  ASPIC.  —  o.  of  talc,  a  nos- 
trum of  calcined  talc,  famous  in  the  17th  century  as  a 
cosmetic.  Obs.  —  o.  of  the  Dutch  chemiitt,  Old  Chem.,  ethyl- 
ene  chloride.  —  o.  «f  vitriol,  concentrated  sulphuric  acid. 
See  SULPHURIC  ACID.  —  o.  of  wine,  oenanthic  ether.  —  o.  om- 
phacine.  See  OMPRAGINE. 

Oil  (oil),  v.  t.  ;  OILED  (oild) ;  on/rao.  1.  To  anoint  cere- 
monially with  oil.  Obs. 

2.  To  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil ;  to  lubricate  with  oil; 
to  furnish  or  feed  with  oil. 

3.  Fig.    a  To  bribe;  as,  to  oil  a  person's  hand,    to  To 
make  bland  or  smooth  ;  to  flatter  ;   as,  to  oil  the  tongue. 

4.  To  turn  into,  or  make  of  the  consistence  of,  oil. 
oil.  v.  i.    To  become  like  oil  in  consistence. 

ale,  senate,  care,  am,  account,  arm,  ask,  sofa  ;  eve, 
event,  end,  recent, _maljer ;  ice,  111 ;  old,  obey,  6rb, 
ddd,  soft,  connect;  use,  unite,  urn,  up,  circiis;  menu. 

J  Foreign  Word,  +  Obsolete  Variant  of.  +  combined 
with.  =  equal*. 

Copyright,  1909,  by  O.  <&  C.  Merriam  Co. 


Appendix 


95 


Oil  beetle.  Any  beetle  of  the 
genus  iff  lot  or  an  allied  ge- 
nus having  a  swollen  body 
and  short  elytra  which  over- 
lap at  the  base  instead  of 
meeting  in  a  straight  line. 
They  pass  through  more  than 
the  usual  number  of  stages  in 
their  development.  When  dis- 
turbed they  emit  from  the 
Joints  of  the  legs  a  yellowish 
oily  liquid. 

°tf.b^r^7 ••»*,Aw    ol.!Te-,  Obf-    a  Oil  Beetle  (Melot  angiaU- 
b  The  fruit  of  the  oil  palm.  eolli*).   (|)  6  Triunguhn,  or 

Oll'blrd',  n.     The  guacbaro.          Early  Larva,  enlarged 
Oil  blue-    A  blue  pigment,  essentially  a  sulphide  of  copper 
ground  and  mixed  with  oil. 


O'cor,  n.     =  L'lOi'K. 

otrrefe.    *  AORiEr. 

o  gre  ish-ly.  aili-.  of  OGRF.T-H 

o'gre-lsm  (S'ge'r-Tz'm).  o'grlsm 

(O'crli'm), «.    See-i««. 

o'grsss  (fl'ifrfs), n.   [T.  ogrettt.] 

Her.  =  PELLET.  B.,  4. 

o'grlsh.    o'grism.        Van.    of 

OOKEISH,  OGREISM. 
o'  Groat'.    John     <8-gr6t' :    6- 
grOt'),  or  Johnny  Groat.  A  name 
which    occurs    in    the 


ohm'ad    (Om'ld),  n.     —  OHM. 
O'.t.  or  R. 

ohm  -am'mc'tsr.    n.      A    com- 
binrd  ohmrneter  and  ammeter, 
ohm  mil*.    Eire.  A  resistance  of 
one  ohm  per  mile. 
0.  H   M  8      Abb,:   On  His  (or 
Her)  Majesty's  Service. 
Ohm's  prism      A  simple   form 
of  bipriem  (in  rente  a) 
oh'  ne  Hut' .  oh  ne  Rast'  i  rv  nl 


•'  John  o'  Groat's  House.'  desig- 

mint  ,  u  lie  mBi    ;.     l^*-j     run- 
out haste,  without  rest  ;  —  said 

nating  an  ancient  building  for- 

of the  sun  or  stars.     Motto  of 

merly  situated  near  Duncansby 

Goethe. 

Head,  the  most  northerly  point 
in  Great  Britain.  John  of  Groat, 

ohnlen     *  owir. 
O'ho-lal  (8'h8-ll  i  6-ho'-).    D. 

orUroot.and  his  brothers  are  said 

to  have   been   Hollander*  who 

0'ho-ll(-MV   D.  Bib 

settled  in  Scotland  about  HUB. 

o-hons'    (0-hfin')      Var.  of 

ogt.     +  OUGHT,  a.  Ir  adv. 

OCHOKE. 

og'thl-srn.  Var.  of  OOTIER-T  R. 

Oht       •{•  Al'fiHT.                       [nWE.I 

ogtlern.  n.  [Ir.og-thierna  young 
lord.)    A  young  lord.     Obr. 
0-gyg's-an.    Var.  of  OOTOIAX 
0-gyg'i-a  (8-jTj'T-d),  n.    [L.,  fr 
Or.  'flyvyia.l    See  CAI.TPSO.  I. 

ohU     f  OCOHT  i  obs.  pret  of  | 
oht-scip«n.JCf.  ME.  oht,  awtht. 
aught.     K       AIC.HT.    -SHIP] 
Braver}-  ;  worth.    Obi. 
ohut.    +  AI-OHT. 

ogyl.  P.  i.  (Cf.  roLV.J  Toshud- 

ol-dem'a-tons  (oi-dJm'd-tfis;  oi- 

«er.     Obi. 

ilf'md-)     Var.  of  IKDEIIATOCS. 

oh.    *  OWE.                       [(at). 

olar.    -r  OTER. 

oh.  v.  t.  If  i.    To  exclaim  <>h  : 

oie*.    4  OTEZ. 

O'had(B'hld)     Bib. 

olgnement     *  OINTMF.XT. 

OH.  B.M.B.    Abbr.  OnHis(or 

(I   oTgnon'    (*i'nyfiN  '),  n  ,*   p£ 

Her)  Britannic  Majesty's  Serv- 

-oxo.vs  (-ny6x').  JF-1  Onion. 

ice. 

O-l'l   («-«'e>,   n.  JMaori.)     A 

o'he  1  Jam  sa'tis  est.  [L.]  Ho 

mutton  bird  (Ptifflnut  grurvt) 

there  !  there  is  enough  already. 

of  Ni  w  Zealand. 

/loract.  Plinilia,  Martial. 

oi'kl-o-ma'nl-a       (oi'kt-fi-ml' 

O'belin'hfl).     Rib. 

nl-rt).    Var.  of  (TciosiAXiA 

0.  H.  O..  or  OHO      Abbr     Old 

ol'kist  (oi'klBt).  ol'kold.   etc 

High  German 

Vars.  of  (KCisT,  <Eroiu.  etc. 

oh-hone.     t  OCROXE. 

ot-kol'o-gy(oi-kBl'f.-jT),n    [Gr 

e-hl'a(O-hC'i).  n.    [Hawaiian.] 

otKOt  house  -f  -log!/.]    1.   Var. 

a  Any  of  several  timber  trees  of 

Of  ECOLOOT. 

the  £enus  Mttrmiiltrra.    b  Ma- 
lay apple.  Hawaii,    [buckeye. 
Ohio  buckeye.      The  y  ellow 

2.  The  science  of  housekeepingi 
household  economics.       [Obi.i 
oil,  n.    iCf   OLIO.]    =  OLIO,  1.) 

food,  foot;  out,  oil;  chair;  go;  sine,  irjk;  *4*en, 
thin  ;  nature,  venVure  (250);  K  =  ch  in  6.  ich,  ach 
(144) ;  DON";  yet ;  zh  =  z  in  azure.  Numbers  refer  to 
§§  in  GUIDE. 

Full  explanations  of  Abbreviations,  Slajns,  etc.,  Imme- 
diately precede  the  Vocabulary. 

Copyright,  19VU,  bv  (J-  «fc  G'.  Merriam  Cu. 


The  gazetteer,  biographical  dictionary  and  list  of  arbi- 
trary signs  are  similar  in  form  to  the  corresponding  lists 
in  the  appendix  of  Webster's  International  Dictionary. 
See  Section  166. 


96  Appendix 

168.    Specimen  extract  from  the  Standard  Dic- 
tionary. - 

le-Bert',  d§-zgrt',  v.  I.  t.  1 .  To  depart  from  or  leave 
permanently,  as  a  place  where  one  is  wont  or  expected  to 
remain,  or  a  person  having  legal  or  moral  claims  upon 
one;  forsake-  especially,  to  abandon  without  regard  to 
the  welfare  of  the  abandoned:  commonly  with  an  impli- 
cation of  blame;  as,  to  desert  one's  family.  2.  Mil.  To 
forsake  in  violation  of  one's  oath  or  orders,  as  a  service, 
post,  etc.;  abscond  from;  as,  to  desert  one's  regiment  or 
one's  colors. 

The  Roman  sentry  .  .  .  stood,  amid  the  crashing  elements;  he 
had  not  received  the  permission  to  desert  his  station  and  escape. 
BOLWKR-LYTTOK  Last  Days  of  Pompeii  bk.  v,  ch.  8,  p.  275. 

[MCN.  *  CO.] 

II.  i.  To  forsake  a  post  or  station  without  leave,  espe- 
cially in  military  or  naval  service;  run  away.  [<  F.  de- 
serter, <  LL.  deserto,  <  L.  desero,  <  de,  from,  +  sero, 
join.] 

Synonyms :  see  ABANDpx ;  ABDICATE. 
des'ert,  dez'e.rt,  a.  1.  Like  a  desert;  uninhabited;  bar- 
ren; waste;  as,  a  desert  place:  used  also  figuratively;  as, 
desert  souls.  2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  desert;  as,  desert 
fauna  or  flora;  desert  trioes.  [OF.,  <  L.  desertus,  pp.  of 
desero;  see  DESBRT,  v.] 

Synonyms :  see  ARID. 

des'ert1. «.  Oeog.  A  region  that  IB  w;holly  or  approxi- 
mately without  vegetation.  Such  regions  are  rainless, 
usually  sandy,  and  commonly  not  habitable. 

Scorched  by  the  snn  and  furnace>breath 

Of  the  red  desert's  wind  of  death. 

WmmBR  Derne  st.  7. 

Compounds :—  des'ertschough",  n.  A  short»wlnged 
freglline  bird  or  chough  (genus  Podoces)  of  central  Asia. — 
d. 'falcon,  n.  A  falcon  (subgenus  Gennsea),  as  a  lanner 
or  saker.— d. =hare,  n.  A  variety  of  the  cottontail  (Leptts 
gtlvattcut,  var.  arizonse)  found  In  the  southwestern  United 
States.— d.slynx,  n.  The  caracal. —  d.nnousc,  n.  A 
field-mouse  (Calomys  ere- 
micux)  of  the  plains  of  the 
western  United  States.—  d.: 
snake,  n.  A  sand. snake  of 
Pgammophlii  or  a  related  ge- : 
nus.— d.iwillow,  n.  A  small  j 
American  tree  ( Cnilopxts  sa-  \ 
ligiift),  with  long  white  or! 
purplish  flowers. 
de-sert'3,  d§-zert',  n.  1. 

The  state  of  deserving  re-       The  Desert.lynx  (Fells 
ward  or  punishment;  merit  caracal).    Vis 

or  demerit,  but  often  limited  to  the  former  when  used 
without  qualification;  as,  desert  sometimes  fails  of  its 
reward. 

Here  Alexander  assembled  all  the  governors  of  provinces  .  .  . 
and  rewarded  or  punished  them  according  to  their  deserts. 

KEIGHTLEY  Greece  pt.  iu,  ch.  3,  p.  414.  [H.  &  CO.] 

2.  That  which  is  deserved  or  merited:  often  used  in  the 
plural;  as,  some  men  fail  to  get  their  deserts. 

Give  them  after  the  work  of  their  hands;  render  to  them  their 
desert.  Psalm  xxviii,  4. 

[<  OF.  deserte,  <  deservir;  see  DESERVE.] 

sofa,  arm,  ask;  at,  fare,  accord;  ele.me.nt,  e,r=  ov#r, 
eight,  e  =  usage;  tin,  machine,  |  =  renew;  obey, 
no;  net,  ner,  atem;  full,  rule;  but,  burn;  aisle;  au 
=  out;  ell;  Iu  =  feud,  Jfl  =  future;  c  =  k;  church; 
dh  =  the;  go,  sing,  ink;  so;  thin;  zli  =  azure; 
F.  boA,  dune.  <,  from;  t,  obsolete;  J,  variant. 

From  "A  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language." 

Copyright,  189S-1909,  by  the  Funk  <fe  \\agnalls  Company, 

New  York  and  London. 


Appendix  97 

169.    Specimen  extract  from   the  Appendix  of 
the  Standard  Dictionary.  - 

PROPER  NAMES  OF  ALL  KINDS  WITH 
THEIR  PRONUNCIATION. 

Pic-ton',  plc-tfl'.  1.  Co.:  Nov»  Scotia  prov..  Can.;  1,125  o; 
p.  33,459.  a.  Us  * :  p.  3,325;  port  of  entry;  coal. 

Plc'tured  Rocks,  cliffs;  S.  shore  Lake  Superior,  School- 
craft  co.,  Mich.:  eroded  figures  on  sea-face;  resort. 

Pi'cuN,  pal'cus  [Rom.  Myth..],  king  of  Latlunr.  f.  of  Faunus; 
turned  Into  a  woodpecker  by  Circe.  Pi'koai  [Or.]. 

IMde'eon  Peak,  Col.,  mt.;  13,928  ft. 

IMeu'mont,  ptd'mont.  1.  Former  principality;  It.;  *  Turin; 
now  Alessandria,  Cuneo, Novara, and  Torino  provinces,  4. 
VII.;  Calhoun  co.,  Ala.;  p.  1,745.  3.  Town;  Mineral  co.,  W. 
Va.;  p.  2.115. 

Pied  Pi'per  of  Ila'meln  or  Hame'lln,  ham'lln.  In  old 
German  legend,  a  wandering  minstrel  who  rid  the  town  of 
Hatneln  In  Brunswick  of  Its  pest  of  rats  by  playing  on  bis 
pipe,  and,  wben  the  agreed  recompense  was  refused,  by 
entrancing  music  drew  the  children  of  the  town  after  him 
Into  a  hill;  celebrated  In  a  poem  by  Robert  Browning. 

Pierce,  ptrs.  1.  Frank'lln  [1804-1869],  14th  President  of 
the  U.  8.  2.  George  Fos'ter  [1811-1884],  Am.  M.  E. 
bishop.  3.  Co.;  8.  E.  Ga.;  518  n;  p.  8,100;  0  Blackshear.  4. 
Co.;  N.  E.  Neb.;  568  a;  p.  8,445;  0  Pierce.  5.  Co.;  N'.  N. 
Dak.;  1,008  D;  p.  4,765;  O  Rugby.  6.  Co.;  W.  cen.  Wash.; 
1,554  D;  p.  35.515;  O  Tacoma.  1.  Co.;  W.Wls.;  543  C;  p.  23,943; 
O  Ellsworth.  8.  City;  Lawrence  CO.,  Mo.;  p.  2,151. 

sofa,  arm,  ask;  at,  fare,  accord;  eleme.nl.  $r=  over, 
6ight,  §  =  "usage;  tin,  machine,  j  =  renew;  obey, 
no;  net,  ner,  atom;  full,  rOle;  but,  born:  aisle;  an 
=  out;  ell;  la  =  tend,  |Q  =  future;  c  =  k;  church; 
dh  =  the;  go,  sing,  fiik;  BO;  (bin;  zh  =  arure; 
F.  bo  A,  diine.  <,  from;  t,  obsolete;  J,  variant. 

o ,  square  miles.    * ,  capital.    0,  county-seat. 

From  "A  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language.'" 

Copyright,  189S-1909,  by  the  Funk  <t  WagnaUs  Company, 

New  York  and  London. 


For  a  summary  of  the  lists  found  in  the  Appendix 
of  the  Standard  Dictionary,  see  the  paragraph  on  the 
Standard  Dictionary,  page  43. 


98  Appendix 

170.    Specimen  extract  from  the  New  Standard 
Dictionary. 

ab-surd ',  1  ab-surd';  2  Sb-sOrd'.  a.  1.  Opposed  to 
manifest. truth  or  propriety;  inconsistent  with  reason 
•or  common  sense;  unworthy  of  serious  consideration; 
logically  contradictory;  irrational;  as,  an  absurd  prop- 
osition. 2.  Talking,  acting,  or  reasoning  in  a  manner 
inconsistent  with  common  sense  or  propriety;  gro- 
tesque; ridiculous.  3.  Philos.  &  Logic.  Contradictory 
of  some  established  rational  principle;  contradicting  its 
own  major  premise.  4f.  Discordant;  not  in  tune. 
I  <  L.  absurdus,  <  ab-  (intens.)  +  surdus,  deaf.) 

Syn.:  anomalous,  chimerical,  erroneous,  false,  foolish,  111* 
advised,  ill-considered,  Ill-Judged,  Inconclusive,  Incorrect, 
Infatuated,  Irrational,  mistaken,  monstrous,  nonsensical, 
paradoxical,  preposterous,  ridiculous,  senseless,  silly,  stupid, 
unreasonable,  wild.  That  Is  absurd  which  Is  contrary  to 
the  first  principles  of  reasoning;  as,  that  a  part  should  be 
greater  than  the  whole  Is  absurd.  A  paradoxical  statement 
appears  at  first  thought  contradictory  or  absurd,  while 
It  may  be  really  true.  Anything  Is  irrational  when  clearly 
contrary  to  sound  reason,  foolish  when  contrary  to  prac- 
tical good  ecnse,  silly  when  petty  and  contemptible  in 
Its  tolly,  erroneous  when  containing  error  that  vitiates  the 
result,  unreasonable  when  there  seems  a  perverse  bias  or 
an  Intent  to  go  wrong.  Monstrous,  and  preposterous  refer  to 
what  Is  overwhelmingly  absurd;  as,  "O  monstrous!  eleven 
buckram  men  grown  out  of  two,"  SHAKESPEABS  1  King 
Henry  IV.  act  IL  sc.  4.  The  ridiculous  or  the  nonsensical 
is  worthy  only  to  be  laughed  at.  The  lunatic's  claim  to  be 
a  king  is  ridiculous;  the  Mother  Goose  rimes  are  non- 
sensical. See  IDIOTIC;  INCONGRUOUS;  INSANE;  BIDICU- 
LOUS.—  Ant.:  certain,  consistent,  demonstrable,  demon- 
strated, established,  incontestable,  incontrovertible,  indispu- 
table. Indubitable,  infallible,  logical,  rational,  reasonable, 
sagacious,  sensible,  sound,  substantial,  true,  undeniable,  un- 
questionable, wise.—  ab-surd',  n. .  [Rare.]  An  absurdity;  a 
person  or  thing  that  is  absurd.—  -ly,  adv.—  -ness,  n. 

ab-surd 'i-ty,  1  ab-surd'i-ti;  2  ab-surd<i-ty,  n.  [-TIES, 
1  -t:z;  2  -ti;,  pi.]  1.  The  state  9r  quality  of  being  ab- 
surd; absurd nexg.  2.  A  contradiction  of  obvious  truth 
or  sound.. reason;  an  absurd  act,  statement,  habit,  or 
thing.  [<L.  absurdita(t-)s;  see  ABSURD.] 

The  idea  of  being  both  a  bad  man  and  a  good  citizen  is  an  ab- 
turdilu.         MILLS  Science  of  Politics  ch.  5.  p.  31.  IF.  *  w.  1887.] 

ab-sur'dum,  1  ab-sur'dum;  2  ab-suKdOm,  ».    (L.)    An  ab- 
surd or  illogical  conclusion  or  condition. 
—  reductio  ad  absurdum,  see  REDUCTIO. 

ab'sus,  1  ab'sus;  2  ab'sus,  n.  Hot.  A  species  of  Cassia 
(C.  adsus).  or  Its  bitter  aromatic  seeds,  used  in  Egypt 
for  ophthalmia. 

Ab-syr 'tus,  1  ab-sur'tos;  2  ab-syr'tQs.  n.  Gr.  Myth.  Brother 
of  Medea,  dismembered  and  cast  into  the  Adriatic,  whence 
Ab-syr 'ti-des,  i  -ti-dlz;  2  -tl-des,  islands  in  the  Adriatic. 
[L.,  <  Gr.  Apsyrtus.] 

Abt,  1  apt;  2  apt,  Franz  Wllhelm  ('Vul819-'/>il885).  A 
German  music-composer;  song-writer 

abt.,  abfjT.    About. 

ab-ter'mi-nal,  1  ab-tuVmi-nsl;  2  Sb-teVmi-nal,  a. 
Physiol.  Passing  from  the  end  or  ends  of  a  muscle  to 
the  middle  part:  said  of  an  electric  current.  .( <  AB-; 
and  see  TERMINAL.] 

1:  artistic,  firt;fat,fare;fnst;get,pr6y;  hit,  pollce;obey,gd;net,fir;full,raie;bot,  bOrn. 
2:  art,  ape,  fat.f are,  fast,  what,  all ;  inC,  gfct,  |>rey,  fern ;  hit,  Ice ;  1=  8 ;  I = e ;  g«,  n*t,  fir,  w*n, 
1:  a  =  final;  1  =  habit;  aisle;  au  =  owt;  ell;  10  =  feud;  ifhin;  go;  o=sin^;  thin,  this. 
2:  W9lfVdg;  book,  bCdt;  fvll,r»le,  cOre,  but,barn;  6il,  bdy;  Jo,  fcem;  ipk;  thin,  this. 

From  the  "  New  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language."     Copy- 
right, 1913,  by  the  Funk  &»  Wagnalls  Company,   New    York  and  London. 


INDEX 

Abbreviations,  13-16,  26-29;  explanatory,  13-14;  in  library  cata- 
logues, etc.,  26-29;  miscellaneous,  15-16;  of  book  sizes,  27-28; 
of  reference,  14-15;  of  reference  omitted,  15;  relating  to  bind- 
ing, 28-29;  relating  to  books,  13-16. 

American  Cyclopaedia,  39. 

Analytical  subject  card,  20. 

Annual  Library  Index,  61. 

Annual  Magazine  Subject-Index,  63-64. 

Antonyms  in  the  Standard  Dictionary,  46. 

Appendix  of  a  book,  7. 
—  of  a  dictionary,  40-41 ;  extracts  illustrating,  92-93,  97. 

Arabic  numerals  in  paging,  4. 

Archaeology,  reference  book  of,  50. 

Arrangement  of  books  in  public  libraries,  33. 

Atlases,  51-53;  indexes  of,  11. 

Author  card,  18;  for  every  book,  22. 

Author  number,  30,  32. 

Author's  name,  significance  of,  5. 

Authorship  of  debate  material,  73-74. 

Bailey.     Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture,  53-54. 

Cyclopedia  of  American  Horticulture,  54. 

Bartholomew.     Literary  and  Historical  Atlases,  53. 

Bartlett.     Familiar  Quotations,  55;  extract  from  index  to,  10. 

Bibliography,  catalogue  cards  for,  21-22;  definition  of,  21,  note; 
in  debating,  72-73. 

Bibliography  making  from  a  card  catalogue,  24-25;  from  magazine 
indexes,  64-65. 

Binding  abbreviations,  28-29. 

Biography,  arrangement  of  individual,  33;  catalogue  cards  for,  20; 
distinction  between  collective  and  individual,  33,  note;  refer- 
ence books  of,  50-51. 

Bliss.     New  Encyclopedia  of  Social  Reform,  47. 

Book,  body  of,  7;  opening  a  new,  2;  points  to  be  observed  in  buy- 
ing, 31;  printed  parts  of,  4;  structure  of,  1-2. 


100  Index 

Book  agents,  caution  against,  84-85. 

buying,  81-85. 

ordering,  information  needed  in,  81-82. 

reviews,  60-61. 

sizes,  abbreviations  for,  27-28. 

Books,  abbreviations  for  describing,  26-27;  care  of,  2-3. 
Britannica,  Encyclopaedia,  37-38. 

Year-Book,  38. 

Brewer.     Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  55. 

Brewer.     Readers'  Handbook,  55. 

Brookings  and  Ringwalt.     Briefs  for  Debate,  78. 

Call  numbers,  30;  arrangement  of  books  by,  32. 

on  catalogue  cards,  19. 

Card  catalogue,  16-26;   how  to  use,  24-25. 

Carnegie  Library  of  Pittsburgh.     Debate  Index,  78. 

Cassell's  Atlas,  53. 

Catalogue,  card,  17-29. 

Catalogue  cards,  17-26. 

Catalogues,  abbreviations  used  in,  26-29. 

Century  Atlas,  42. 

Century  Cyclopedia  of  Names,  42;    compared  with  appendixes  of 

dictionaries,  46;  extract  from,  90. 
Century  Dictionary,  42-43;   compared  with  other  dictionaries,  45- 

46;   extract  from,  89;  peculiarities  of  different  editions  of,  42-43. 
Chambers'  Cyclopedia  of  English  Literature,  56. 
Chambers's  Encyclopaedia,  39. 

Class  number,  30-31;  arrangement  of  books  by,  32. 
Classification,  30-31. 
Collective  biography,  33,  note. 
Colored  cards  in  catalogue,  22. 
Comparison  of  dictionaries,  45-46. 
Compilers,  catalogue  cards  for,  22. 
Concordances,  10-11. 

Congress,  Library  of.     See  Library  of  Congress. 
Congressional  Directory,  Official,  49-50. 
Congressional  Record,  use  of,  in  debating,  75. 
Contents,  table  of,  6-7;  compared  with  index,  8. 
Copyright  date,  6;   importance  in  reference  books,  35. 
Correspondence  school  text-books,  83,  note. 


Index  101 

Craig.     Pros  and  Cons,  78. 

Criticism,  catalogue  cards  for,  21. 

Cross  references,  11-13;   in  card  catalogues,  23. 

Current  history,  magazines  of,  69-70. 

Cutter  author  numbers,  32. 

Cutter  expansive  classification,  30,  note. 

Date  of  copyright,  6. 
Date  on  title-page,  significance  of,  6. 
Debate  material,  examination  of,  73-74. 
Debaters'  Handbook  Series,  78. 

Debating,  books  on,  77-79;  use  of  the  library  in,  71-80. 
Dewey  decimal  classification,  30-31. 
Dictionaries  compared,  45-46. 

Dictionaries,  extracts  from,  89-98;  some  important,  41-45. 
Dictionary,  39— 41;  appendix  of,  40-41;  rules  for  using,  41 ;  supple- 
ment of  new  words  in,  41. 

Dictionary  of  National  Biography.    Index  and  Epitome,  50-51. 
Domestic  science,  magazines  of,  68. 

Edition,  significance  of,  5. 
Editor,  catalogue  card  for,  22. 
Education,  magazines  of,  67. 
Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  37-38. 
Encyclopedia,  35-37;   rules  for  using,  37. 
Encyclopedia  Americana,  39. 
Encyclopedias,  some  important,  37-39. 
Engineering  Index,  61. 
Everyman's  Library,  84. 

Fiction,  arrangement  of,  33;   call  number  lacking  for,  30,  33. 

Fine  arts,  magazines  of,  68. 

Footnotes,  7. 

Foster.     Argumentation  and  Debating,  79. 

Freeman  and  Chandler.    World's  Commercial  Products,  54. 

Geography,  magazine  of,  69;   reference  books  of,  51-53. 
Golden  Treasury  Series,  84. 
Government,  reference  books  on,  49-50. 
Government  documents  in  debating,  74. 
Guide  cards  in  catalogues,  23-24. 


102  Index 

"Half-bound"  defined,  28,  note. 
Harper's  Book  of  Factb,  57. 

Harper's  Dictionary  of  Classical  Literature  and  Antiquities,  50. 
Harper's  Encyclopaedia  of  United  States  History,  58-59. 
Hayden's  Dictionary  of  Dates,  58. 
Heading,  definition  of,  18,  note. 

Henry.     How  to  Organize  and  Conduct  a  Meeting,  80. 
History,  reference  books  of,  57-59. 
Home  Library,  Burt's,  84. 

Hopkins.     Scientific  American  Cyclopedia  of  Formulas,  53. 
Hoyt.     Cyclopedia  of  Practical  Quotations,  55;   extract  from  index 
to,  10. 

Illustrations,  list  of,  7. 

Indexes,  7-11;    magazine,  61-64;    rule  for  using,  9;    simple,  7-8; 
toanatlas.il;  to  poetry,  9;  to  quotations,  10-11;  to  sets,  9-10. 
Individual  biography  in  libraries,  arrangement  of,  33. 
Industrial  Arts  Index,  61. 
Intercollegiate  Debates,  79. 
International  Dictionary.     See  Webster's  International  Dictionary. 

Labor  in  debating,  division  of,  77. 

Larned.   History  for  Ready  Reference,  58. 

Laycock  and  Spofford.     Manual  of  Argumentation,  79. 

Library  of  Congress  catalogue  cards,  25-26. 

Lippincott's  Biographical  Dictionary,  50. 

Lippincott's  New  Gazetteer,  51. 

Literature,  magazines  devoted  to,  68-69;  reference  books  of,  55-57. 

Low  and  Pulling.     Dictionary  of  English  History,  59. 

Magazine  indexes,  61-65;  how  to  use,  64-65. 

Magazine  Subject-Index,  63-64. 

Magazines,  60-70;  general,  66;  list  of,  66-70;  of  current  history, 
69-70;  of  domestic  science,  68;  of  education,  67;  of  fine  arts, 
68;  of  geography,  69;  of  literature,  68—69;  of  popular  science, 
67;  of  sociology,  67;  of  sports,  68;  of  useful  arts,  68;  reflect 
owners'  interest,  70;  variable  nature  of,  70. 

Map  of  Nebraska,  12. 

Moulton.     Library  of  Literary  Criticism,  56. 


Index  103 

New  International  Dictionary.     See  Webster's  New  International 

Dictionary. 

New  International  Encyclopaedia,  38-39. 
New  International  Year  Book,  39. 
New  Standard  Dictionary,  43-44;  compared  with  other  dictionaries, 

45-46;  extract  from,  98. 
New  words  in  dictionary,  supplement  of,  41. 
Newspapers  in  debating,  75. 
Note  taking  for  debates,  76-77. 

Parliamentary  law,  books  on,  80. 

Periodical  indexes.     See  Magazine  Indexes. 

Periodicals.     See  Magazines. 

Place  of  publication,  significance  of,  5. 

Poole's  Index,  61-62. 

Preface,  purpose  of,  6. 

Publication,  place  of.     See  Place  of  publication. 

Publishers,  American,  82-83;   British,  83. 

Publisher's  name  in  ordering  books,  Use  of,  82. 

Publisher's  name  on  title-page,  significance  of,  5-6. 

Question  for  debate,  selecting,  71-72. 

Rand,  McNally  and  Co.     Library  Atlas  of  the  World,  52. 

Readers'  Guide,  62-63;  Supplement,  63. 

Rebuttal,  preparing,  77. 

Reference,  abbreviations,  14-15. 

Reference  books,  debaters'  use  of,  74-75;   definition  of,  34;   how  to 

use,  35;  special,  47. 
Reviews  (Magazines),  67. 
Ringwalt.     Briefs  on  Public  Questions,  79. 
Robbing.     High  School  Debate  Book,  79. 
Robert,  H.  M.     Pocket  Manual  of  Rules  of  Order,  80. 
Robert,  J.  T.     Primer  of  Parliamentary  Law,  80. 
Roman  numerals  in  paging,  4. 

Science,  magazines  of  popular,  67. 

Series,  catalogue  cards  for,  22;  definition  of  a,  22,  note. 

Series  for  home  libraries,  83-84. 

Sets,  indexes  of,  9-10. 

Shelf  list,  17. 


104  Index 

Shepherd.     Historical  Atlas,  53. 

Sizes  of  books.     See  Book  sizes. 

Sociology,  magazine  of,  67;  reference  book  of,  47. 

Sports,  magazine  of,  68. 

Standard  Dictionary,  43;  compared  with  other  dictionaries,  45-46; 

extract  from,  96;   extract  from  appendix  of,  97;   proper  names 

in  the  appendix  of,  45-46. 
Statesman's  Year-Book,  48. 
Statistical  Abstract  of  the  United  States,  49. 
Statistics,  reference  books  of,  47-49. 

Stedman  and  Hutchinson.    Library  of  American  Literature,  56-57. 
Stieler's  Atlas  of  Modern  Geography,  52-53. 
Subject  cards  in  catalogues,  19-22. 
Subscription  books,  84-85. 

Table  of  contents.     See  Contents,  table  of. 

Temple  Classics,  84. 

Thomas.     Manual  of  Debate,  79. 

"Three-quarter-bound"  denned,  28,  note. 

Title,  4. 

Title  cards,  18;  when  made,  22. 

Title-page,  4-6. 

Toothaker.     Commercial  Raw  Materials,  54. 

Translator,  catalogue  card  for,  22. 

United  States.     Official  Congressional  Directory,  49-50. 

United  States.     Statistical  Abstract,  49. 

United     States     Census      Bureau.      Thirteenth      Census.      .   .   . 

Abstract,  49. 

Universal  Cyclopaedia,  39. 
Useful  arts,  magazines  of,  68;   reference  books  of,  53-55. 

Ward.     Grocer's  Encyclopedia,  54. 

Warner.     Library  of  the  World's  Best  Literature,  57. 

Webster's  International  Dictionary,  44;  compared  with  other  dic- 
tionaries, 45-46;  extract  from,  91;  extracts  from  appendix  of, 
92-93. 

Webster's  New  International  Dictionary,  44-45;  compared  with 
other  dictionaries,  45-46;  extract  from,  94-95. 

Who's  Who,  51. 

Who's  Who  in  America,  51. 

World  Almanac,  48. 


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